<p>St. Augustine&#39;s Church at 290 Henry Street between Montgomery and Jackson Streets in the Lower East Side of Manhattan, New York City.</p><br>
<p>The church was built in 1827-29 as the All Saints&#39; Free Church &ndash; "Free" meaning free of pew rent. &ndash; and was constructed out of Manhattan schist. The design &ndash; a Georgian structure with Gothic windows &ndash; is credited to John Heath, and includes a double pediment and a projecting tower.</p><br>
<p>Traditionally, it is thought that two rough galleries on either side of the organ loft might have been for the use of slaves, despite the church having been built after slaves were emancipated in New York.</p><br>
<p>In 1949, the congregation merged with St. Augustine&#39;s Chapel of Trinity Church, then located at 107 East Houston Street, and the new combined congregation used the building on Henry Street. The parish became independent of Trinity in 1976.</p><br>
<p>The building became a New York City landmark in 1966, and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>The Church of the Holy Apostles is an Episcopal parish located at 296 Ninth Avenue at 28th Street in the Chelsea neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City. Its historic church building was built from 1845 to 1848, and was designed by the noted New York architect Minard Lafever. The geometric stained-glass windows were designed by William Jay Bolton. The church faces Chelsea Park across 9th Avenue.</p><br>
<p>The building is a New York City landmark and on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Holy Apostles congregation "was founded in 1844 as the result of an outreach by Trinity Church to immigrants who worked on the Hudson River waterfront to the west of the Church’s location in the Chelsea section of Manhattan", evolving out of a Sunday school. Construction on the sanctuary began in 1845 and continued through 1848, although Lafever enlarged the building by 25 feet by adding a chancel in 1853-54. In 1858 the congregation needed to expand, so architect Charles Babcock of the firm of Richard Upjohn & Son enlarged the building into a cross-shaped sanctuary with the addition of transepts.</p><br>
<p>The church, the only one that Lafever designed which remains extant in New York City, is also one of the very few there of Italianate design, The vestry is in "pure Tusan" style. Lafever&#39;s sanctuary was a three-aisled basilica. The ceiling was vaulted with plaster groins "small in scale but beautiful in proportion." Original Lafever touches in the details include the corbels from which the ribs spring.</p><br>
<p>The churchs congregation has always been a socially active one. It is rumored that the church was a stop on the Underground Railroad during the American Civil War. In the 1970s, the church was instrumental in the foundation of Congregation Beit Simchat Torah, a synagogue for gays and lesbians begun by Jacob Gubbay. It hosted the congregation until it found a permanent home, and the synagogues Friday services are still held at Holy Apostles. In that same decade, Holy Apostles hosted the ordination of the first woman minister in the New York diocese, Rev. Ellen Barrett. In 1982, the congregation began the Holy Apostles Soup Kitchen, which continues to serve the indigent of the area.</p><br>
<p>The sanctuary was badly damaged in 1990 by a fire, in which some of the stained-glass windows were lost, but most survived without serious damage. A restoration began almost immediately, and was completed in 1994 under the supervision of Ed Kamper, without interruption of the social services the church provides.</p><br>
<p>The Church of the Holy Apostles was designated a New York City landmark in 1966, and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.</p><br>
<p>"Hungry Minds," an extensive profile by Ian Frazier in The New Yorker Magazine of May 26, 2008, gives an account of the church&#39;s history with special attention given to the soup kitchen and the writing workshop that Frazier and others conducted there.</p><br>
<p>The Church of the Holy Communion and Buildings are historic Episcopal church buildings at 656-662 Avenue of the Americas  at West 20th Street in the Flatiron District of Manhattan, New York City.</p><br>
<p>The church is a New York City landmark, designated in 1966, and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980. It is located within New York Citys Ladies Mile Historic District.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Gothic Revival church building was constructed in 1844-1845 according to a design by Richard Upjohn, and was consecrated in 1846. In 1853 Upjohn completed the Parish House and Rectory on West 20th Street, and in 1854 he built the Sister&#39;s House. The design of the church, which features brownstone blocks chosen for placement at random, made the church "one of the most influential buildings of the 19th century". It was:</p><br>
<p>first asymmetrical Gothic Revival church edifice in the United States... Upjohn designed the building to resemble a small medieval English parish church... The church&#39;s founder, the Reverend William Muhlenberg, a leader of the evangelical Catholic within the Episcopal Church, was closely involved with the design...</p><br>
<p>Muhlenberg believed that the Gothic style was "the true architectural expression of Christianity."</p><br>
<p>At the time it was built, the neighborhood around the church was still a fashionable residential area, with homes lining Sixth Avenue. By the late 19th century, as the city continued to expand uptown, the area had become part of the "Ladies&#39; Mile" shopping district, with Sixth Avenue lined with giant department stores and dry goods emporia, which by World War I had all either moved uptown or closed.</p><br>
<p>In 1975 the declining parish merged with those of Calvary Church, on Park Avenue South at East 21st Street, and St. Georges Church, at Stuyvesant Square, and the combined parish of Calvary-St. Georges the Church of the Holy Communion granted a ninety-nine year lease to the Lindisfarne Association.</p><br>
<p>The building became the Lindisfarne Association&#39;s headquarters from 1976 to 1979. Through the work of its founder William Irwin Thompson and start-up grants from the Lilly Endowment and the Rockefeller Brothers Fund, the church became a cultural center in which Gary Snyder, Robert Bly, Wendell Berry, Samuel Menash, and Kathleen Raine gave poetry readings, Paul Winter and David Hykes gave concerts, Jerzy Grotowksi and Andre Gregory lectured on theatre, and philosophers such as Gregory Bateson, Francisco Varela, and Thompson himself gave the lectures that became their subsequent books. Keith Critchlow and John Michel taught courses on sacred architecture, and representatives of world religions such as Nechung Rinpoche, Seyed Hosein Nasr, and Pir Vilayat Khan gave public presentations. The Lindisfarne Association, however, was unable to raise the funds to restore this historical landmark, consequently, Lindisfarne moved to Crestone, Colorado, and returned the church to the Episcopal parish.</p><br>
<p>The parish subsequently sold the building to Odyssey House, a drug rehabilitation program, in order to meet its fiscal obligations. Odyssey House, in turn, sold the buildings to nightclub entrepreneur Peter Gatien, who opened the New York Limelight club there in 1983.</p><br>
<h3>Later uses</h3><br>
<p>From 1983 until 2007, the church was utilized as a nightclub, The Limelight. After frequent problems with the police and charges of rampant drug abuse in the club, it was closed, but reopened in 2003 under the name "Avalon". It closed permanently in 2007.</p><br>
<p>On May 7, 2010, the building was reopened as a retail mall called the Limelight Marketplace. Conceived by Jack Menashe, who formerly owned SoHo retail store Lounge, James Mansour of Mansour Design, and Melisca Klisanin, Creative Director, the marketplace is a three-story venue consisting of more than 60 small, high-end shops, selling jewelry, clothing, organic goods and other items. It was promoted with a campaign which utilized advertisements on local buses, taxicabs, and billboards.</p><br>
<p>In the fall of 2014, the church was converted to a David Barton Gym.</p><br>
<p>The Church of the Incarnation is a historic Episcopal church at 205-209 Madison Avenue at the northeast corner of 35th Street in the Murray Hill neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City. The church was founded in 1850 as a chapel of Grace Church located at 28th Street and Madison. In 1852, it became an independent parish, and in 1864-85 the parish built its own sanctuary at its current location.</p><br>
<h2>Notable parishioners</h2><br>
<p>Notable among the parishioners of the church were Admiral David Farragut and Eleanor Roosevelt, who was confirmed in the church. The funeral for the mother of Franklin Delano Roosevelt was held at the church, and a ramp was built so that FDR could attend. Several prominent families had pews and have memorials in the church, including the Delanos, Langdons, Sedgwicks, Seaburys, Brooks, and Rikers families.</p><br>
<h2>Buildings</h2><br>
<p>The sanctuary was built in 1864-1865, and was designed by Emlen T. Littel. It was "distinguished for both its architecture and refined interior decoration and artwork." The cornerstone was laid on March 8, 1864 by Bishop Horatio Potter of the New York Diocese, the first services were held on December 11, and the church was consecrated on April 20, 1865. The church rectory was constructed in 1868-69, designed by Robert Mook.</p><br>
<p>Except for its tower and walls, the building was destroyed by a fire which began on March 24, 1882. It was rebuilt and enlarged by David Jardine, with a spire added in 1896 by Heins and LaFarge following Jardine&#39;s designs.</p><br>
<p>The building was designated a New York City landmark in 1979, and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. In 1991, a renovation of the building was supervised by Jan Hird Pokorny.</p><br>
<h2>Artworks</h2><br>
<p>The church contains art work by noted Victorian artists including Louis Comfort Tiffany, John Lafarge, Augustus Saint-Gaudens, Edward Burne-Jones, William Morris, Daniel Chester French and Henry Hobson Richardson.</p><br>
<h3>Stained glass windows</h3><br>
<p>A list of stained glass windows by various artists of the Victorian Era.</p><br>
<p>South Wall</p><br>
<p>"Christ&#39;s Resurrection and Ascension" by Henry Holiday Company</p><br>
<p>"Moses and the Law" by Heaton, Butler & Bayne</p><br>
<p>"St. Paul on Mars Hill" by Clayton & Bell</p><br>
<p>"Christ Calling Peter and Paul" by John LaFarge</p><br>
<p>"Christian Nurturing" by Henry Holiday Company</p><br>
<p>"God as a Good Vintner" by John LaFarge</p><br>
<p>"Infant Children" by William Morris of Morris & Company</p><br>
<p>"The Pilgrim" by Louis Comfort Tiffany</p><br>
<p>"Apostles" by Heaton, Butler & Bayne</p><br>
<p>North Wall</p><br>
<p>"Faith & Charity" by Edward Burne-Jones, Henry Holiday of London</p><br>
<p>"Feeding the multitudes" by Cottin & Company</p><br>
<p>"Love of Christ", designer unknown</p><br>
<p>"Victory over Death" by Tiffany Studios</p><br>
<p>"23rd Psalm" by Tiffany Studios</p><br>
<p>"Samuel"by Guthrie and Davis</p><br>
<p>West Wall</p><br>
<p>"Dignity of Labor" by Tiffany Studios</p><br>
<p>"Great West Window" by Charles Eamer Kempe</p><br>
<p>The Church of the Immaculate Conception and Clergy House at 406-412 East 14th Street between First Avenue and Avenue A in the East Village neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City were built in 1894-96 by Grace Church, one of the most prominent Episcopal churches in the city at the time. The buildings were a free chapel &ndash; meaning there was no pew rent &ndash; called Grace Chapel and a connected Grace Hospital, which could serve 16 senior citizens and 10 children, and was physically connected to the chapel by a bridge, so that patients could be wheeled to services.</p><br>
<p>They were designed by Barney and Chapman in French Gothic style. The firm was working at the same time on the Church of the Holy Trinity in Yorkville, which was also designed in the same style. Grace Chapel has stained-glass windows by Clayton & Bell and Henry Holiday. In 1943 both buildings were sold to the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York, and were converted for the use of the Immaculate Conception Church &ndash; founded in 1855 &ndash; as a sanctuary and Clergy House.</p><br>
<p>The buildings were designated a New York City landmark in 1966, and were added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>Church Missions House  is a historic building and registered landmark in New York City on Park Avenue South on the corner of East 22nd Street, in an area once known as "Charity Row". The Church Missions House building was built between 1892 and 1894 for the Domestic and Foreign Missionary Society of the Episcopal Church. The building was sold in 1963 to the Federation of Protestant Welfare Agencies, which occupied the building until 2015.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Domestic and Foreign Missionary Society moved from Philadelphia to New York City in 1835. The Domestic Committee and the Foreign Committee rented separate office spaces in different locations from 1835 to 1840, and then moved to another rented office space at 281 Broadway. In 1864, the Society began exploring the possibility of finding a permanent home. In 1889, a site was selected for a new building for the Society.</p><br>
<p>The building was designed by architects Robert W. Gibson and Edward J. Neville Stent, with a steel structure and Medieval-inspired facade Gibson took his inspiration from the town halls of Haarlem and Medieval Amsterdam, and the result is "equal to buildings of the Flemish and Dutch Renaissance."</p><br>
<p>In 1963, the Federation of Protestant Welfare Agencies bought the building. It was designated a New York City landmark in 1979, and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. It was restored in the early, 1990s by the firm of Kapell & Kastow,</p><br>
<p>As part of the renovations, two floors were made available to rent to other non-profit organizations and space was made available for a conference facility on the ground floor. The building, which sits across 22nd Street from the United Charities Building, is part of a proposed extension to the Gramercy Park Historic District.</p><br>
<p>The building was sold in 2014 for approximately $50 million to RFR Realty and was to be converted to condominiums, with retail shops on the ground floor. In 2017, Swedish photography museum Fotografiska announced they are setting up an art gallery and restaurants in the building.</p><br>
<p>Zion—St. Mark&#39;s Evangelical Lutheran Church, formerly known as Deutsche Evangelische Kirche von Yorkville and Zion Lutheran Church, is a historic Lutheran church at 339—341 East 84th Street in Yorkville, Manhattan, New York City.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The neo-Gothic was built in 1888 as Deutsche Evangelische Kirche von Yorkville. The structure became Zion Lutheran Church in 1892, when that congregation was founded. It is now Zion-St. Marks Church. The German-speaking congregation grew rapidly with the influx of mass immigration to the United States from Germany at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries and merged with St. Marks Evangelical Lutheran Church (New York City) in 1946. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.</p><br>
<p>Wigfair Hall is a large country house standing in an elevated position above the River Elwy near the village of Cefn Meiriadog, Denbighshire, Wales. It is a Grade II* listed building.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Wigfair was built on the site of an older house between 1882 and 1884 for Rev R. H. Howard. It was designed by the Chester architect John Douglas. Its large tower was originally a water tower for the house and was used to generate electricity. The equipment for this purpose, including the tanks, pipework and generator, although no longer in use, is still present.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<h3>Exterior</h3><br>
<p>The house is in Jacobethan style, constructed in red Ruabon brick on a limestone plinth with sandstone dressings, and a Ruabon tile roof. It has an L-shape with a main north wing and a west service wing. The tower, with its pyramidal roof, rises from the west wing. Projecting from the angle between the wings is the canted staircase window. The main entrance is at the right side of the end of the gabled north wing, under an oriel window.</p><br>
<h3>Interior</h3><br>
<p>This includes "some good Douglas woodwork", it is "largely unaltered and retains high-quality original fittings in polished oak". These fittings include an inner entrance screen, panelling, doors and architraves, fireplaces, a fitted sideboard, and a balustraded gallery. The plaster ceilings are decorated with moulding and compartments, and in the stairhall is a limestone fireplace.</p><br>
<p>Eccleston Paddocks  is a large house in the village of Eccleston, Cheshire, England. It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II* listed building. When the French architect Paul Sédille saw it, he exclaimed "C&#39;est un petit château!" That is, "This is a small castle!"</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Eccleston Paddocks was built in 1883 for Cecil Parker, the nephew and land agent of the 1st Duke of Westminster. It was designed by the Chester architect John Douglas. The full complex consisted of the house, estate offices and stables. The service wing was demolished in 1960.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The house has 2½ storeys and a basement. The basement and ground floor are in red sandstone, with horizontal bands of lighter stone. The upper part of the house is in red brick with some blue-brick diapering and stone bands; the dressings are in carved stone. The roof is of red tiles, it is steep and hipped and rising from its apex is a massive brick chimney.</p><br>
<p>The entrance is on the north face. Above the projecting arched doorway is a mullioned and transomed staircase window. Over this a two-light window in a gable, flanked by two small turrets. The entrance bay is surmounted by two hipped roofs on each side of which are dormer windows. To the right of the entrance bay are three more bays, containing a small door, and irregularly placed windows. The left bay is surmounted by a steep conical roof and the other bays by gables containing windows. The truncated service wing is to the right of this. The east front overlooks the garden. On each corner is a large turret with a conical roof, between which are two gabled bays with windows. The south front has two projecting gabled bays. On the top of every gable and roof is a finial. The original service wing included an arched gateway with a pyramid roof and a turret with a conical roof.</p><br>
<p>Lake Ogawara is Japan&#39;s eleventh largest lake  and the largest in Aomori Prefecture. It spans the boundaries of the city of Misawa and the town of Tōhoku and the village of Rokkasho in Kamikita District.</p><br>
<h2>Data</h2><br>
<p>The lake has an area of 63.2 km² and holds 0.714 km³ of water. Its circumference is 67.4 kilometers. At its deepest point, the water is 25 meters deep, with an average depth of 11 meters. The surface is at sea level. The lake is shallow (under 2 meters) from the shoreline to a distance of approximately 200 meters, whereupon the depth drops off precipitously. The edge of Lake Ogawara is very near the coast of the Pacific Ocean, and the sand bar guarding its mouth has been breached numerous times by storms or typhoons, thus accounting for the brackish water of the lake. There are four inflowing rivers, all coming from Hakkoda Mountain Range. The only outflow is the Takase River, which drains the lake to the Pacific Ocean.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Lake Ogawara was originally a marine bay, which became a lake approximately 3,000 years ago by the formation of a sand bar at its mouth. The shoreline around Lake Ogawara has been settled since prehistoric times, and numerous Jomon period remains and shell middens have been discovered.</p><br>
<p>The lake was used by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service units at Misawa Airfield to practice for the attack on Pearl Harbor during World War II for its similarity in depth to Pearl Harbor in Hawaii.</p><br>
<p>The Japanese government initiated a project beginning in the 1970s to convert the lake from brackish to fresh water to serve as a source of drinking, industrial and irrigation water despite the adverse environmental impact.</p><br>
<h2>Environment</h2><br>
<p>Lake Ogawara is an abundant habitat for fish and birds, and is recognized as such by the Japanese Ministry of the Environment. A variety of marimo occurs naturally in the lake.</p><br>
<p>In 1996 the sound of wild birds on the shores of Lake Ogawara was selected by the Ministry of the Environment as one of the 100 Soundscapes of Japan.</p><br>
<p>In the year 2002, the Ministry of the Environment classified Lake Ogawara to be one of the 500 Important Wetlands in Japan particularly for its biodiversity of aquatic flora, insects, freshwater shellfish and as a habitat for migratory wildfowl.</p><br>
<p>The lake was previously home to the critically endangered Hucho perryi, which was last spotted in 1943. Migratory birds include the whooper swan and tundra swan, among others.</p><br>
<h2>Economic activity</h2><br>
<p>The lake is a commercial source of cultivated Japanese smelt, icefish, goby and shijimi.</p><br>
<h2>Sources</h2><br>
<p>This article incorporates material from the article 浜名湖 (Ogawarako) in the Japanese Wikipedia, retrieved on November 11, 2009.</p><br>
<p>The Grotte Casteret, also known by its Spanish name Gruta Helada de Casteret, is a limestone ice cave, located high in the Spanish Pyrenees, within the Ordesa y Monte Perdido National Park. Discovered in 1926 by Norbert Casteret, it is known for its Grande Salle  which has a frozen lake some 2,000 m&sup2; in area, its ice formations, and a 20 m ice wall into a second chamber.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Grotte Casteret is situated at the top of a scree / snow coloir 670 m ESE of the Brèche de Roland, and has an impressive entrance porch some 50 m wide, and 15 m high. After 60 m the passage opens out into the vast ice-floored Grande Salle, about 70 m long, 60 m wide, and 4 m high. Its floor is a frozen lake of clear ice with a surface area of about 2,000 m&sup2;. Large ice columns dominate the end of the chamber. To the left of the chamber an opening leads into the Salle Maude at the base of a 20 m ice-wall called Niagara.</p><br>
<p>Beyond the Grande Salle, the ice floor gives way to a mainly boulder-floored passage which leads after 120 m leads to a 3 m climb which emerges in a lapiaz field on the surface. Casteret&#39;s original survey shows the passage extending for a further 100 m, but this is no longer accessible.</p><br>
<p>A third entrance, the Puits Florence, lies on the plateau above the cave. It is 60 m deep, with the final 50 m being a vertical shaft entering the Grande Salle.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The cave was first entered by the family Casteret (Norbert Casteret, his mother, his wife, and his brother) in July 1926 when they explored most of the main passage. He and his wife returned in September 1926 when they achieved the through trip. The Salle Maude was discovered and explored in August 1950 by Casteret and his daughters Maude and Gilberte.</p><br>
<h2>Geology and Formation</h2><br>
<p>The Grotte Casteret is formed in Cretaceous limestone. The ice in the Grande Salle is ponded and has formed as the result of cold air flowing through the system, with areas out of the draught being water. The deeper ice is considered to be very old, and possibly relict of a cold period of the Quaternary.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>Access is controlled by the Ordesa y Monte Perdido National Park authorities. A barrier has been erected within the entrance, and a sign prohibits access to the casual visitor. Two groups of up to 6 cavers, are allowed access for a maximum of four days per month.</p><br>
<p>The Appellate Division Courthouse of New York State, First Department  is a historic court house located at 35 East 25th Street The building is three stories, with a basement; the central entrance faces 25th Street.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Before the courthouse was built, the Appellate Division, First Department, of New York State Supreme Court had occupied rented quarters on Fifth Avenue and 19th Street. Plans for the new building were first filed in 1896. The building plans were jointly approved in June 1896 by the city sinking fund commissioners and the Appellate Division justices.</p><br>
<p>The Appellate Division, First Department formally took possession of the new courthouse on January 2, 1900. The budget for the building was $700,000, but only $633,768 was spent.</p><br>
<h2>Exterior</h2><br>
<p>The limestone Beaux-Arts courthouse, in the style of an 18th-century English country house, was designed by James Brown Lord and built in 1896−1899. It is considered to be an "outstanding" example of the City Beautiful movement. Some 25 percent of the cost was spent on sculpture, a huge sum at the time. At the time of its construction, the American Architect and Building News predicted that "the rest of the country will envy New York the possession of this building." In 1900, Charles DeKay wrote in The Independent that the courthouse "shines like an ivory casket among boxes of ordinary maple."</p><br>
<p>The exterior features sculptures in white marble on subjects related to law. Karl Bitters Peace is the central grouping on the balustrade by Madison Square. Daniel Chester Frenchs Justice is the central grouping on 25th Street. Justice is flanked by Power and Study, also by French.</p><br>
<p>Sixteen sculptors worked on the courthouse, all members of the then-newly formed National Sculpture Society. In 1928, The New Yorker called the building "the rather pleasant little Appellate Court House with its ridiculous adornment of mortuary statuary."</p><br>
<p>Charles Henry Niehaus&#39;s Triumph of Law, described as a "giant pedimental group" on "a screen of six Corinthian columns, rising from several groups of allegorical sculpture," fronts 25th Street. Thomas Shields Clarke sculpted screen of female caryatids on the Madison Avenue front, at the third-floor level, representing the seasons; Summer holds a sickle and a sheaf of wheat.</p><br>
<p>On the roof, there are single standing figure sculptures, depicting historical, religious, and legendary lawgivers. Next on this side is Jonathan Scott Hartleys Alfred the Great, followed by George Edwin Bissells Lycurgus and Herbert Adams&#39;s Solon.</p><br>
<p>The exterior of the building was designated a New York City landmark in 1966.</p><br>
<h2>Interior</h2><br>
<p>Ten artists were commissioned by Lord, with the assistance of the National Society of Mural Painters, to execute allegorical murals for the courthouse interior. By spring 1898, Henry Siddons Mowbray (Transmission of Law), Robert Reid, Willard Leroy Metcalf, and Charles Yardley Turner were selected for the murals in the entrance hall, while Edwin Howland Blashfield, Henry Oliver Walker (Wisdom of the Law), Edward Simmons (Justice of the Law), Kenyon Cox (The Reign of Law), Joseph Lauber (Judicial Virtues), and Alfred Collins were selected for the murals in the courtroom.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the courthouse was designated a New York City landmark in 1981, and it was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. The building was restored in 2000 by the architectural firm of Platt Byard Dovell White.</p><br>
<p>The Lewis Gouverneur and Nathalie Bailey Morris House is a historic building on the Upper East Side of Manhattan in New York City. The five-story dark red brick house was built in 1913-14 as a private residence for Lewis Gouverneur Morris, a financier and descendent of Gouverneur Morris, a signer of the Declaration of Independence.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>Designed by the famous architect Ernest Flagg using an asymmetrical plan, the house&#39;s distinctive style was inspired by English Queen Anne architecture, along with Colonial and Federal architectural styles. The building features staggered stair windows, half-fan windows in pairs, a double height oriel over the garage, and a square cupola.</p><br>
<h3>Later life</h3><br>
<p>The building was later also called the New World Foundation Building. Its address is 1015 Park Avenue, although its entrance is around the corner at 100 East 85th Street. The house was made a New York City Designated Landmark on January 24, 1967, and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1977. Its facade was restored by the Avi Chai Foundation in 2000.</p><br>
<p>St. Ignatius of Antioch Episcopal Church is a historic Episcopal church, located at 552 West End Avenue, on the southeast corner of 87th Street, in Manhattan&#39;s Upper West Side neighborhood. It was built in 1903 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The congregation was founded in 1871 by the Rev. Dr. Ferdinand C. Ewer, as part of the Anglo-Catholic movement. It first met in the former Holy Light Church (New York City) (a parish for the blind), at 437 Seventh Avenue, then in the former St. Paul&#39;s Dutch Reformed Church, located at 54-56 West 40th Street and facing what is now Bryant Park, before erecting the present building.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>St. Ignatius graceful English Gothic building was completed in 1902 to designs by architect Charles C. Haight, who also built New Yorks General Theological Seminary. The cruciform interior is made of Roman brick with a Guastavino tile ceiling.</p><br>
<h2>Music</h2><br>
<p>The church is particularly noted for the excellence of its professional choir and for its notable concert series.</p><br>
<p>The Metropolitan Baptist Church, located at 151 West 128th Street on the corner of Adam Clayton Powell Jr. Boulevard in the Harlem neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City, was originally built in two sections for the New York Presbyterian Church, which moved to the new building from 167 West 111th Street. The chapel and lecture room were built in 1884-85 and were designed by John Rochester Thomas, while the main sanctuary was constructed in 1889-90 and was designed by Richard R. Davis, perhaps following Thomas&#39;s unused design. A planned corner tower was never built.</p><br>
<p>In 1918, the church was acquired by the Metropolitan Baptist Church, a congregation founded in 1912 which was one of the first African American congregations in Harlem. They moved to this building from the Metropolitan Baptist Tabernacle at 120 West 138th Street, which later became Liberty Hall, a focus of the Back-to-Africa movement.</p><br>
<p>The church was designated a New York City Landmark in 1981, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Despite the split construction, the granite-faced building, which combines Romanesque Revival and Gothic Revival elements, holds together as a single design. Thin finialed towers are prominent on the west facade of the building. The total effect is "handsome" and "monumental".</p><br>
<p>All Saints Episcopal Church is a historic Episcopal church in Briarcliff Manor, New York. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2002. John David Ogilby, whose summer estate and family home in Ireland were the namesakes of Briarcliff Manor, founded the church in 1854. The church was built on Ogilbys summer estate in Briarcliff Manor.</p><br>
<p>Richard Upjohn designed the church building, which was constructed from 1848 to 1854 and expanded in 1911. The church has several memorial windows, including one by John LaFarge and a rose window by Frederick Wilson of Tiffany Studios.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The churchs opening service was held on December 13, 1854, and Ogilby donated the churchs current building and grounds in 1863. He gave the church its first name, "All Saints&#39; Church, Brier Cliff, Sing Sing, N. Y.", naming his property Brier Cliff after his family home in Ireland. In 1910, the church building was enlarged to the present cruciform shape, and it was consecrated on November 1, 1911. In 1945, the church purchased property to the north and east of the building; a parish hall was built there in 1949 and dedicated on January 29, 1950.</p><br>
<p>In the 2000s, photographer Mark Sadan informally led the Sunday Photo Group, which had about 24 members and met at All Saints&#39;, on the second Sunday of each month. In late 2006, the church was featured on Nightline and USA Today for hosting U2charists, Eucharists accompanying U2 songs; the church has held two such services. The church estimated that of the people to attend one of their U2charists, 70 percent were visitors.</p><br>
<p>Notable rectors include Thomas Hazzard and John Adams Howell. Hazzard was the founder of Hope Farm, and was a football player and coach, as well as a minister, dairy farmer, treasurer, and missionary in Liberia. John Adams Howell invented the Howell torpedo and other naval devices; he was also a rear admiral in the US Navy.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>The church building was designed by noted architect Richard Upjohn and built between 1848 and 1854. The church was modeled on Saint Andrew&#39;s in Bemerton, England, and it is an example of the modest English Gothic parish church popular in the region during the mid-19th century.</p><br>
<p>The building was originally designed with a simple rectangular nave with a high-pitched slate-covered gable roof and exterior walls of random-coursed granite ashlar in the Gothic Revival style. A transept and enlarged chancel were added in 1911. There is a metal steeple at the gable crossing. Memorial windows include one by John LaFarge (1889) and a rose window "Adoration of the Magi" (1911) by Frederick Wilson of Tiffany Studios. Also on the property is a Stick Style rectory dated to 1883 and an Arts and Crafts-style Old Parish Hall built in 1904.</p><br>
<p>&lt;!--</p><br>
<h2>All Saints' Preschool</h2><br>
<p>All Saints runs a preschool program for children two to five years old. The program involves spiritual and ethical teaching, class trips, and activities including gym, music, playground, art, cooking, and drama.</p><br>
<p>Amawalk Friends Meeting House is located on Quaker Church Road in Yorktown Heights, New York, United States. It is a timber frame structure built in the 1830s. In 1989 it and its adjoining cemetery were listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Quakers had been active in north central Westchester County since the mid-18th century. The current meeting house was the third they built; fire destroyed both predecessors. Not only is it one of the most well-preserved and intact in the county, it is a rare surviving meeting house built by a Hicksite meeting during that schism in American Quakerism.</p><br>
<p>Architecturally the meeting house shows some signs of Greek Revival influence, also unusual for Quaker buildings. The addition of a porch later in the 19th century also brought in some Victorian touches, again unusual. Its interior was renovated and the building resided when meetings were revived after a brief period of dormancy. However, many of its original furnishings remain.</p><br>
<p>Taking up most of the property is the meeting&#39;s cemetery, which contains many graves of its members from the earlier years, along with that of Robert Capa, the accomplished mid-century war photographer, and his brother Cornell, although neither were members of the meeting, much less Quakers. The headstones of those graves strongly reflect Quaker burial practices, and thus the cemetery is included in the listing as a contributing resource. An architecturally sympathetic First Day School building added when meetings resumed in the 1970s is non-contributing due to its newness.</p><br>
<h2>Buildings and grounds</h2><br>
<p>The 2.9 acre lot on which the meeting house, First Day school and cemetery are located is on the west side of Quaker Church Road,</p><br>
<p>Topographically the area consists of small low hills with occasional narrow depressions, often filled by creeks or wetlands, in between. The meeting house property slopes upward to the west, draining into the valley of an unnamed tributary of Hallocks Mill Brook, a tributary of the Muscoot River, which drains Amawalk Reservoir on its way to Muscoot Reservoir. Its neighborhood is residential, with most houses on large mostly wooded lots.</p><br>
<p>Across Quaker Church are two houses on such lots. Behind them is a cleared power line right-of-way closely paralleled by the North County Trailway rail trail. To the meeting house&#39;s west is Amawalk Hill Cemetery, with another cemetery, Carpenter Hill, to the north, buffered by a woodlot.</p><br>
<h3>Meeting house</h3><br>
<p>A short gravel driveway gives access to the property from the road, passing under the century-old oak and maple trees that shade and screen most of the lot. The meeting house is on the north of the parking area at its end. It is a two-and-a-half-story rectangular wood frame building measuring 30 by, with one bay per 10 feet (3 m) of space on the facades. Wooden shingles make up most of the siding of the main block, with a small section of clapboard below the roofline. At its base is a fieldstone foundation; a single brick chimney pierces the center of the slate-shingled gable roof. A hip roofed porch runs the length of the first story&#39;s south (front) facade at ground level; on the west end is a small shed-roofed clapboard-sided one-story one-bay addition.</p><br>
<p>Two separate entrances with paneled wooden double doors are located just inside the outermost windows of the ground floor underneath the porch. The windows themselves are six-over-six double-hung sash windows in plain wooden surrounds with paneled wooden shutters echoing the doors. On the east facade&#39;s first story are similarly treated six-over-six double-hung windows. The western addition has a single similar window but without shutters, as does the northern facade.</p><br>
<p>The porch has a low concrete deck. In its middle are three plain wooden benches with curved backs arranged in a square pattern, facing outward. At its west end a single paneled wooden door leads into the shed-roofed addition. The roof is supported by seven square wooden pillars with curved brackets at the top. It has a molded cornice.</p><br>
<p>On the second story all windows are two-over-two double-hung sash, set in plain wooden surrounds without shutters. A smaller two-over-two is set in the apex of both gables at the attic level. On the south, scrolled brackets against the clapboard section support a molded cornice similar to that on the porch.</p><br>
<h4>Interior</h4><br>
<p>Both entrances open into the main meeting room, with cushioned wooden benches similar to those on the porch arranged facing the center. Some, meant for the meetings, are fixed in place; The elders benches, fixed in place, are arranged in three ascending steps; the other benches are not and can be reconfigured as necessary. Two small collapsible tables for the recording of minutes are located at either end of the first elders&#39; bench. In the middle of the benches are two small wood-burning stoves, one of which dates to the late 19th century.</p><br>
<p>The room is floored in linoleum. On the plain plaster walls traces of the wall that partitioned the meeting room into separate sections for men and women are still visible. The frame of a door that once breached that wall is also present, on the south side. A door in the west wall leads to the addition, which serves as a cloakroom and privy. Inside, the meeting house&#39;s hand-hewn pegged structural beams are exposed.</p><br>
<p>Several wooden pillars, some with original kerosene lamps attached, hold up the wooden gallery, reached by stairs in the southern corners. It is 8 feet (8.5 ft) above the ground floor, 9 ft deep on the southern side and 7 ft on the east and west sides. The former has loose benches while the latter sections have fixed ones. A ladder on the east side climbs to the full-length attic. There, as in the cloakroom, the building&#39;s structural beams are exposed.</p><br>
<h3>First Day School and cemetery</h3><br>
<p>On the south side of the parking lot is the First Day School building. It is a smaller timber frame gable-roofed structure with the same siding and color treatment as the meeting house. Since it was built on the site of the meetings stable in the 1970s, it is considered a non-contributing resource to the propertys historic character.</p><br>
<p>Conversely, the cemetery, rising up the hillside to the west, is considered a contributing site. Its graves, some of which are thickly overgrown, date from the late 18th century when the meeting was established to the present. The oldest with an identifiable name on its marker is that of Eugent Weeks, who died in 1805. Early markers are of sandstone, giving way to marble for later burials.</p><br>
<p>Many of the headstones reflect the Quaker virtue of simplicity and are devoid of funerary art, save for some on the southwest corner with a weeping willow design. They simply list the deceased&#39;s name, relationship to any others nearby, date of birth and date of death on the side facing away from the meeting house. Some graves have no markers at all.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>From its emergence in the mid-17th century, the Religious Society of Friends, later known as the Quakers, faced religious persecution in England. As Dissenters, their opposition to maintaining a leadership hierarchy or indeed any clergy at all was considered blasphemous and heretical,</p><br>
<h3>1760–1797: Establishment of Amawalk Meeting</h3><br>
<p>With the new tolerance came a growth in Quaker meetings. Northern Westchester County was one of the hotbeds of that growth. Quakers established Chappaquas original center around a 1754 meeting house that remains in use. The Amawalk meeting seems to have gotten its start around 1760. Six years later, the Purchase Monthly Meetings minutes note that the "Cortlands Manor" meeting had sustained itself for at least a year, and the following year formally extended it for another year.</p><br>
<p>Growth continued, and the Amawalk meeting requested and received permission to build its first meeting house, on the current site, in 1772. It was completed the following year, and Amawalk was granted Preparative Meeting status in 1774. Five years later, the first meeting house was damaged by fire. Repairs were not done until 1783, and by that time the meeting had already decided to build a new house. The new meeting house was completed and paid for two years later. It was described as being of similar dimensions to the current building, with timber posts 17 ft and cedar facing.</p><br>
<p>While the new house was being built, the Amawalk Quakers met in Chappaqua. In 1785 it was merged with that Monthly Meeting for administrative purposes. The meeting began establishing itself in the community—it started educating its children. In 1791 it started a school but had to close it down two years later when it could not find enough qualified teachers. In its stead, the meeting decided in 1796 to support a boarding school being planned by the Nine Partners Meeting outside the village of Millbrook in Dutchess County to the north.</p><br>
<p>The meeting engaged in social activism as well. In 1783 a member who had bought a slave in order to set him free asked the meeting to consider whether such an act was appropriate; the next month it was decided that it was not. The Amawalk meeting nevertheless followed the strong and growing abolitionist stance of American Quakers; by the next year it reported that none of its members owned slaves.</p><br>
<h3>1798–1839: Growth and schism</h3><br>
<p>At the end of the century, in 1798, Amawalk finally received its own status as a Monthly Meeting. With the newer, bigger meeting house, members kept being added. By 1828, Amawalk had had under its care five Preparative Meetings: Peach Pond (discontinued 1811), Salem-Bedford, Peekskill and Croton.</p><br>
<p>That same year, the meeting had to make a choice between two sides in a schism dividing American Quakers. In response to the growing fervor among evangelical Protestants in the country as a whole that has since come to be known as the Second Great Awakening, many orthodox Quaker meetings adopted practices similar to more mainstream Protestant denominations, adding rituals like hymns and prayers to their services. This was opposed by Elias Hicks, a Long Island Quaker influenced by the freethought movement, who not only reaffirmed the inner light as the traditional Quaker path to the divine but held it superior to the Bible. Many meetings chose one side or the other, and Amawalk&#39;s Quakers went with Hicks. The Orthodox members, who at one point had barred the Hicksites from the building, left to build their own meeting house closer to contemporary Yorktown Heights in 1832; it is no longer extant.</p><br>
<p>Near the end of 1830, the Amawalk meeting house burned. This time the damage was complete. The following year the current meeting house was built. Its construction costs came in slightly over the budgeted $1,250 ($ in modern dollars).</p><br>
<p>It stands out from other Quaker meeting houses in two ways. Since the Orthodox meetings had, like the Amawalk splinter group, generally been the ones to leave and build their own meeting houses, while the Hicksites stayed in the existing buildings, the Amawalk meeting house is a rare meeting house built by a Hicksite meeting. Also, its design shows some of influence of the contemporary Greek Revival style, in the use of clapboard siding below the roof eave on the south (front) facade, creating a frieze. Quaker meeting houses built by the meetings, as opposed to structures adapted for their use, usually shun any architectural influences of their time in favor of a restrained plainness. Originally the meeting houses interior had a wall to allow for separate mens and women&#39;s business meetings, since women sometimes felt overwhelmed in the presence of men; this is the reason for the two entrances as well.</p><br>
<p>By the mid-1830s the minutes record that 74 families were members of the meeting. There was turnover among them—some members left the area or were disowned for alcohol use, marrying non-Quakers, or failure to attend meetings; but they were replaced by members who moved in from other areas and new converts. Activism continued; one member was imprisoned for 16 days in 1839 over his refusal to pay a "military demand" of $5.</p><br>
<h3>1840–1903: Decline</h3><br>
<p>Membership began to decline in the 1840s, due in part to the effects of the schism on the meetings and the general fragmentation of society. In 1848 the Croton meeting was dissolved. At some point around this time, the shed addition was built on to the western side of the meeting house to serve as a cloakroom and privy. A belief that the building was a station on the Underground Railroad during this era has never been substantiated.</p><br>
<p>The Civil War, fought over slavery, tested the beliefs of all Quakers, including Amawalk. Near the wars end in 1865, the meetings minutes record that "Friends have not been as careful to bear our testimony against war as the discipline requires." A footnote clarifies this, noting that five members had paid for substitutes to go into the Union Army in their stead, and at least one had enlisted himself.</p><br>
<p>In the years after the Civil War, the meeting&#39;s decline continued. Realizing that its insularity and withdrawal from society at large had been part of the reason for this, in 1869 the Society stopped discouraging its members from holding public office. The Amawalk meeting also improved its amenities, purchasing two wood-burning stoves, one of which remains, to heat the building during colder weather in 1883. Another 19th-century addition, the porch, reflects contemporary architectural trends in the curved brackets that connect its roof and the wooden support pillars, a Victorian touch that like the clapboard frieze reflects contemporary architectural trends, unusually for Quaker meeting houses.</p><br>
<p>While the members remained politically and socially active, writing the state legislature in 1882 in support of prohibition, these measures were not enough to stop the decline. Although Amawalk was able to sustain itself, its remaining preparative meetings, in Peekskill and Salem, could not. They were discontinued in 1883 and the remaining members merged into Amawalk. Even so, two years later the separate mens and womens meetings were merged. By the end of 1886 Amawalk&#39;s records indicate that it had just 96 members; no new members joined that year. Three years later, the land that had been purchased to build a meeting house in Peekskill was sold, followed by the Salem property in 1891.</p><br>
<p>The remaining members continued their activism, again writing the legislature in protest of its passage of legislation that lowered New York&#39;s age of consent to 13 later that year, and urging that it replace the death penalty with life imprisonment. Amawalk became an executive meeting in 1897, and it was incorporated in 1903.</p><br>
<h3>1904–1976: Capa burial and closure</h3><br>
<p>Meetings continued despite the continuing decline in members, although they were not held regularly. In 1920 Hicksite and Orthodox Quakers reached out to each other and began the long process of reconciling; it would take almost a half-century.</p><br>
<p>Ten years later the carpet in the interior was taken up and replaced by linoleum. The Amawalk meeting remained active, becoming involved in activities that were more supportive than advocacy. They collected books for Faith Cabin Libraries serving African-American communities in Georgia and South Carolina. During World War II, they knitted patchwork quilts to be sent overseas and, afterwards, sponsored two of the Hiroshima Maidens who came to the United States for plastic surgery on their injuries.</p><br>
<p>In 1954 war photographer Robert Capa, whose gritty "Magnificent Eleven", taken under heavy German fire, are considered iconic images of the Normandy landings during World War II, died after he stepped on a land mine in Vietnam while covering the First Indochina War. John Morris, Capas editor at Life magazine in London during the Normandy landings and at Magnum Photos at the time of his death, felt that a Quaker funeral would be a fitting tribute to Capa, a nonobservant Jew who had immigrated from Hungary. Morris reasoning was that, even though Capa had not been a Quaker, he sought to promote peace through his depictions of the horrors of war. As a member of the Purchase Quarterly Meeting, which oversaw Amawalk, he arranged for a Quaker service there. At the service, Capa&#39;s brother Cornell said Kaddish. A young Dirck Halstead was among the attendees.</p><br>
<p>The few remaining members of the Amawalk meeting allowed Capa to be buried in their cemetery. Later his mother and sister-law were buried in the same plot, and Capa&#39;s biographer Richard Whelan joined them when he died. In 2008 Cornell, who had founded the International Center for Photography during the intervening years, was laid to rest alongside his brother. None of them were Quakers.</p><br>
<p>Ten years later, the meeting no longer had enough members to sustain itself. In 1964 it was officially closed. The house remained, suffering from neglect. What members there had been remained socially active, helping a Vietnamese family resettle in the area.</p><br>
<h3>1977–present: Revival and renovation</h3><br>
<p>Four years after Amawalk closed, the Hicksites and Orthodox Quakers fully reconciled and ended the schism after a century and a half. Along with the spiritual quests by baby boomers that have been called the Fourth Great Awakening, that helped rekindle interest in the Society. Meetings began being held again in 1977, and shortly afterward the window was added to the south side of the cloakroom, the most recent change to the meeting house&#39;s exterior.</p><br>
<p>The new members made the property their priority. The First Day School building was completed in 1987, with full modern amenities, on the site of a former horse stall. During the week it was used by a local nursery school. That same year, Amawalk had enough members to become a monthly meeting again.</p><br>
<p>In 1993, four years after the property was listed on the National Register, the meeting secured a $50,000 matching grant from the state&#39;s Historic Preservation Office to renovate the interior of the building, which had suffered from insect infiltration and water seepage over the years. The meeting raised its half through an auction of historic photos organized by Cornell Capa.</p><br>
<p>Asbury United Methodist Church and Bethel Chapel and Cemetery is a national historic district containing a Methodist church, chapel, and cemetery at 19 Old Post Road in Croton-on-Hudson, Westchester County, New York. The church was built in 1883 and is a rectangular brick building with a multi-colored slate-covered gable roof in the Gothic Revival style. It features large Gothic-arched stained and leaded glass windows added in 1891 and a square, engaged, two stage tower. The chapel was built about 1790 and is a -story, two-by-two-bay, clapboard-sided building on a granite foundation. Francis Asbury  is known to have visited the chapel on September 20, 1795. The cemetery is in two sections and contains about 5,000 graves; the date of the earliest burial is 1801. It includes the grave of noted playwright and author Lorraine Hansberry .</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.</p><br>
<p>Church of St. Joseph of Arimathea, originally known as Worthington Memorial Chapel, is a historic Episcopal church at 2172 Saw Mill River Road in Greenburgh, Westchester County, New York. It was designed by noted architect Richard M. Upjohn  and built in 1883 in an eclectic Victorian Gothic Revival style. It was built in four phases: The original 1883 chapel, 1901 addition, the addition in 1953 of a ground floor meeting room, and an enlargement and remodeling of the 1953 addition in 1990. The original chapel and 1901 addition are built of random-coursed, rock faced ashlar with corner buttresses, and high pitched gable roof with low parapets. The chapel is cruciform in plan and features a three story bell tower with large segmental arched opening and a conical roof. A large three-part stained glass window and smaller three part windows in the two transepts are attributed to John La Farge  and installed around 1883. It was originally built by the family of pump manufacturer Henry Rossiter Worthington  as a chapel and crypt.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.</p><br>
<p>Cashpoint Plantation House is located off Louisiana Highway 71 between Taylortown and Elm Grove in Bossier Parish, Louisiana. It was built in about 1875 and added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 11, 1982.</p><br>
<p>Its NRHP nomination described it as "a late provincial example of a Greek Revival raised cottage of moderate size. It is located off Louisiana Highway 71 in the flat cotton farming country of southern Bossier Parish. Several alterations were made in the twentieth century; however, in the judgment of the State Historic Preservation Office, the house retains sufficient integrity to warrant listing."</p><br>
<p>It was built as a one-story wood frame central hall plan raised plantation house with a rear wing for kitchen and dining room. It had one room on each side of the hall. It has a five-bay facade with a gallery with square posts having molded capitals. It has an entablature which is "unusually large". Greek Revival elements include transoms and side lights at the front and rear central doors. The house also has some Italianate influences: large round head panels of the front doors and "jig sawn balustrade work".</p><br>
<p>Rienzi Plantation House is located in Thibodaux, Louisiana. It is believed that the house was built between 1814 and 1825 and added to the National Register of Historic Places on May 31, 1980.</p><br>
<p>Rienzi plantation house is located directly across Bayou Lafourche from the town of Thibodaux. Despite the proximity of a modern shopping center, the house enjoys a historic setting due to the large live oaks on the property. Two of the oaks are registered in the Live Oak Society (l)</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The house is significant both historically and architecturally and was built in the "American Style" with center hallways, exterior wall fireplaces with great emphasis placed on balance and symmetry. This is in contrast with the earlier "Creole Style" with rooms arranged en suite with no halls, interior fireplaces and the interior function of the room-defining the placement of windows and doors rather than a more symmetrical plan. However, Rienzi shows a transition from the early style with its primary floor being on the second level and the exposed rafters on the downstairs gallery. The house is thought to be built between 1814 and 1825 is almost square in plan with five bays on each side, measuring approximately 70 by 72. It is built in the peripteral style, surrounded by galleries with brick pillars on the lower story and wooden pillars on the upper story. The ceilings of the first floor are 10 and 14 on the second story. The walls of the house are brick and lumber used for roof rafters, floor joists, etc. are thought to pit-sawn and employ timber framing techniques, i.e. mortise and tenon joints with pegs. The majority of the lumber is cypress with flooring made of long leaf pine. The most unique feature of the house are the central hallways placed in a cruciform plan on each floor. On the lower floor, the halls were originally open to the outside through brick arches, that not only provided access but structurally acted as a relieving or displacing arch, due to the weight of the brick structure. These have been enclosed with doorways in the early 1850s. It has been stated that the first floor was used to stable animals but with four fireplaces on the ground floor the use was for humans. The two front rooms on the upper floor have slip head windows.</p><br>
<p>It is believed that the house has had significant renovations around 1850, 1900 and 1940 as both style and technology motivated owners to make changes. The house is currently undergoing a restoration (beginning in 2012) with a focus restoring the house to its earlier look. Though the house has some Greek Revival detail, (it actually pre-dates that period) the style of the house has been called Tuscan Revival. The handsome double front staircase was probably added during the 1850s renovation though many believe it was added in the 1930s. Several photos beginning in the 1870s show the double staircase intact. The monumental door surrounds have diamond-shaped ornaments, sidelights and transoms. A modern kitchen wing is located to the rear of the house. Of the many plantation houses in the Lafourche Bayou region, Rienzi Plantation is the only example of the fully developed peripteral mode. Moreover, it is one of the very few examples in the Deep South of a plantation house with a cruciform hall plan.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Rienzi Plantation House sits on property that is believed to be the first Spanish Land grant of Henry Schuyler Thibodeaux, the namesake of the City of Thibodaux. The grant was made by Baron Carondelet in approximately 1792. After the Louisiana purchase, Thibodeaux confirmed that he both inhabited and cultivated the property 10 years prior to the purchase. There is some evidence that a two-story wooden four bay house existed adjacent to the existing house and this is believed to be Thibodeaux&#39;s house. (Thibodeaux well after the sale of the property became the 5th Governor of Louisiana.) In 1814 the plantation was sold to Henry Fields, a prominent businessman, and architect. It is believed that Fields is responsible for the house that exists today and his architectural skills enabled him to construct a house that exhibited non-typical futures of houses of that time. In 1825. the plantation was sold to Henry Johnson, Governor of Louisiana at the time of his purchase. He sold the property to Thomas Bibb in 1835, the second governor of Alabama and it is under his ownership that the plantation was first called Rienzi. It is believed that the name comes from the novel and Wagner opera about the 14th-century Italian patriot, that was extremely popular during the 1840s.</p><br>
<p>The next owner, Juan Ignacio de Egana, was probably the source of the romantic legend which has been widely publicized. The legend details that the house was constructed by Spanish architects at the request of Spanish Queen Maria Louisa as a possible retreat for her in the event of a Spanish defeat in the Napoleonic Wars. The legend has it that her agent, Juan Ygnacio de Egana, took possession of the home (after Louisiana was ceded to France and sold to the United States) and proceeded to live in the house for nearly fifty years. However, the conveyance records indicate that Juan Ygnacio de Egana, whatever his connection with the Queen, owned the plantation in 1851 and his estate sold the property to Richard Allen in 1861. The 1860 census lists the "Estate of J.Y. de Agana" as consisting of 2,799 acres and 306 slaves. Champomier in his sugar report calls this estate "Riensy Plantation." In 1859 this plantation produced 950 hogsheads of sugar, by far the most in Lafourche Parish.</p><br>
<p>About 1896 Emile Morvant and J. B. Levert bought the plantation in a joint partnership. Subsequently, J.B. Levert acquired the Morvants&#39; interest in 1922 and formed the J.B Levert Land, Inc. In 2004 it was gifted to Nicholls State University and in 2012 purchased by the current owner. The house remains a private residence.</p><br>
<h2>Major bibliographical references</h2><br>
<p>“Legend Is House Built for Queen," Baton Rouge State Times, August 27, 1965.</p><br>
<p>Menn, Joseph K., The Large Slaveholders of Louisiana, 1860. New Orleans: Pelican Publishing Co.,</p><br>
<p>1964. pp. 262, 266-267.</p><br>
<p>W. Darrell Overdyke, Louisiana Plantation Homes: Colonial and Ante-Bellum. New York:</p><br>
<p>Architectural Book Publishing Co., 1965. p. 163.</p><br>
<p>Price, Charles W., Jr., "Rienzi Mansion on Bayou Lafourche Relic of Intrigue? Lost Dreams and Empire," Progress, March 18, 1938, clipping in Rienzi Vertical File, Louisiana Room, LSU</p><br>
<p>Library, Baton Rouge.</p><br>
<p>The Grover Cleveland Birthplace is a New Jersey State Historic Site located in Caldwell, Essex County, New Jersey, United States. It is the only house museum dedicated to USA President Grover Cleveland.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>It was the home where Grover Cleveland was born in 1837. The building is also known as the Caldwell Presbyterian Church Manse and served as a Presbyterian church parsonage for the Cleveland family while Grover&#39;s father, Rev. Richard Falley Cleveland, served as a pastor of the local church. Cleveland was originally named Stephen Grover in honor of the first pastor of the First Presbyterian Church of Caldwell, but he did not use the name Stephen in his adult life. The family moved to New York in 1841. A group of private citizens purchased the house in the early twentieth century to open it as a museum. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.</p><br>
<p>Laurel Valley Sugar Plantation is located in Thibodaux, Louisiana. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The plantation was owned by Joseph Tucker, a Virginian, who bought more than 50,000 acres of land along Bayou Lafourche. The earliest structures on the property date to the 1830s. It was at one time the largest producer of sugar in Lafourche Parish, and a mill was built on the property for this purpose. As many as 135 slaves lived and worked on the property prior to the Civil War. While the main house built by Tucker was destroyed during the Civil War, shotgun houses and Creole cabins remain on the property. The mill stopped production in the 1930s, and sustained significant damage during Hurricane Betsy in 1965.</p><br>
<p>It is named after where it is located.</p><br>
<h2>Laurel Valley today</h2><br>
<p>With over fifty original structures remaining it is the largest surviving 19th- and 20th-century sugar plantation complex left in the United States and is still a working sugarcane farm. The general store on the property is open to the public, displaying tools and farm implements used in the cultivation of sugar cane as well as locally made arts and crafts.</p><br>
<p>Laurel Valley was added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 24, 1978.</p><br>
<h2>Popular culture</h2><br>
<p>Several movies have been filmed at Laurel Valley, including Angel Heart, Crazy in Alabama, A Gathering of Old Men, Interview with the Vampire, A Lesson Before Dying, Double Exposure: The Story of Margaret Bourke-White, and Ray.</p><br>
<p>Ardoyne Plantation House is located on Highway 311 in Schriever, Louisiana, just northwest of Houma, Louisiana. It was built 1894 and added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 1, 1982.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Louisiana State Senator, and third generation sugar cane farmer, John Dalton Shaffer was looking for a home for his wife, Julia Richardson Cutliff Shaffer. Mrs. Shaffer requested that her husband build her a little cottage that overlooked Bayou Black. In 1888, he purchased approximately one thousand acres of land in Schriever, Louisiana. He then commissioned New Orleans based architect, John Williams of Williams and Brothers to design and build the main residence on a twenty-acre tract. The location of the house on the property lead, in part, to the name. “Ardoyne” in Scottish means “little hill or knoll” which was the high point of the property, and the name of a Scottish castle. The construction of the main residence began in 1890 and was completed in 1894. Local immigrants of German, Italian and African descent contributed the labor to build the residence and later would comprise a good portion of the labor force that would work the remaining land. These same immigrant workers harvested the cypress and pine trees from the land that was then sent to a mill in St. Louis, Missouri to become the construction lumber for the house.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>Ardoyne Plantation is set in a cluster of live oak trees overlooking Bayou Black. This two-story home stands starkly different than the other homes of this era. Looking at the front, the Gothic Revival architecture design adds elements that capture the attention. There is a seventy-five-foot tower at the left, as seen from the front, and two high gables. The tower is “iced” with fine mill work, commonly referred to as “gingerbread”. This “gingerbread” is continued around the top of the gables. The steep roof line accentuates the tower and gables. The walk through window in the tower contrasts with the bay widow of the left gable. The right gable, much narrower and equally as steep, barely frames the window it protects. The entrance porch is supported by square wooden columns, bannisters and high, walk-in windows. The double entrance door is directly below the center gable of the house, but just a little off-centered to the right side. The boldness of the second story tower, gables and windows overshadow the simple entrance doorway. The woodwork for the house, which was milled from the trees from the property, is present in every room of the house. Floors, walls, ceilings and molding are all native wood. There is a seventy-foot-long hallway that leads to a curving cypress stairwell that leads to the second floor. The plantation office is located on the first floor of the tower and the inlaid wood ceiling mirrors the shape of the octagon structure of the tower. Each room is spacious and lit by chandeliers of crystal and brass. The side porch, which has an Eden-like view of the garden is screened in. In the south, this is commonly called a “mosquito porch”. There was a “coach porch”, which is a porch that was tall enough that a horse driven coach could pass through, that was destroyed by Hurricane Betsy in 1965 and never rebuilt.</p><br>
<h2>Connection to Other Plantations</h2><br>
<p>The first Shaffer to migrate to Terrebonne Parish was William Alexander Shaffer, John Dalton’s grandfather. William came to Louisiana from Camden County, South Caroline in 1828. He moved to Terrebonne Parish and built Crescent Farm Plantation just three miles south of Ardoyne Plantation. Crescent Farm Plantation is still in existence today and house the office of local attorneys St. Martin and Bourque.</p><br>
<p>After the Civil War, William Alexander’s son, John Jackson Shaffer, purchased another sugar cane plantation for himself in 1874, also on Highway 311. Magnolia Plantation was built in 1858 and is only three miles south of Schriever. Magnolia Plantation is one of six surviving Greek Revival style plantation homes in Terrebonne Parish and is currently a private residence. It is located five miles north of Ardoyne and was used as a Union hospital during the Civil War. It is still in the Shaffer family and a portion of the film, 12 Years A Slave was filmed there.</p><br>
<p>Milhado Lee Shaffer married Margaret Krumbhaar, whom had grown up on the Krumbhaar Plantation, which united the two sugar families. The Krumbhaar family, through Margaret’s Grandfather, William J. Minor built the famous Southdown Plantation. This plantation home is also on Highway 311 only a few miles from Downtown Houma, Louisiana, about seven miles from Ardoyne. Today it serves as a museum of local history and gathering place for many outings, music and craft events. Margaret Krumbhaar can also trace her family lineage back to Eleanor Parke Custis Lewis maternal granddaughter of Martha Washington, the wife of President George Washington.</p><br>
<h2>Ardoyne Plantation House Today</h2><br>
<p>Ardoyne Plantation has been in the Shaffer family for six generations. It is currently owned by Lee and Susan Shaffer. Lee is a retired military veteran. They currently reside on the second floor of the house. They moved into the house after the passing of Lee’s grandmother, Margaret Krumbhaar Shaffer in 2007 at the age of ninety-three. The home is open for tours most every week from Tuesday through Saturday with tours at 9:30 AM, 11:30 AM, and 2:00 PM with no appointments necessary. Each room is a mini museum of fine furniture, paintings and other family and era specific heirlooms from the family’s past. Visitors can see Louisiana cypress knee dolls, 300+ antique travel spoons, plantation workers’ pay tokens, antique quilts and needlework, new bomb pottery, over two-thousand books, wood carvings, and many other sights original to the plantation. It has also been used as a set location for several motion pictures and television shows. There are also about three hundred and fifty acres of active sugar cane farming still taking place on the property.</p><br>
<p>Yerington Grammar School  is a former school in Yerington, Nevada. It is listed in the National Register of Historic Places, and is currently home to the Jeanne Dini Center, a community and cultural venue.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>At the beginning of the 20th century, an expanding economy and population required a new school to be created. Yerrington Grammar School No.9 began to be built.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>Two Reno architects were hired to design this 16,600 dollar building, C.D. McDonald and J.J. Beatty. Friedhoff and Hoeffel, two Reno contractors, constructed this two-and-a-half story building to accommodate one hundred children.</p><br>
<p>The bottom floor is made of rusticated concrete blocks, providing a foundation for the main body of the school. The face of the building is quite elaborate, with two balanced pedimented gables over two profecting bays, and a smaller gable over the main entrance. In 1935, this structure was enlarged according to plans created by Delongchamps, preserving the look of the building. This structure continued serving to function of Yerington&#39;s elementary school until 1980. A group of local people led by Jeanne Dini initiated the Yerington Grammar School no. 9 Restoration Project in the 1990s. It was restored and transformed into the Yerington Cultural Center.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Yerington Grammar School no. 9 is located at the intersection of California and Littel streets, two blocks off Main in Yerington, Nevada.</p><br>
<p>Narrows Plantation House is located in Lake Arthur, Louisiana. It was built in the 1830s and completely renovated during 1910-12. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<p>Its NRHP nomination states that the building&#39;s signficance rests in its fine Arts and Crafts interior, which stands out in southern Louisiana:In a very general sense the thousands upon thousands of bungalows in the region reflect the influence of the Arts and Crafts movement. But these houses are merely pale and diluted examples of the taste. High style, convincing examples of the movement are very rare. Most bungalows in southern Louisiana have plain interiors with perhaps a brick mantel or a few oak cabinets. Many have Mission or Colonial Revival interiors. By contrast, the interiors at the Narrows feature paneled wainscotting, double framed ceilings, balustrade screens, and a very elaborately articulated staircase. These features set the Narrows interiors among the top few examples in the region. Moreover, in one sense the Narrows is superior to them all. None of the comparable examples known to the State Historic Preservation Office have the degree of openness and spatial complexity found at the Narrows. This single aspect places the Narrows in the vanguard of open planning as it was developing in the early twentieth century.</p><br>
<p>Frosty or Mt. Frosty is a stratovolcano and the westernmost Holocene volcano of the Alaska Peninsula in Alaska, USA. Frosty is the youngest of the two large volcanic structures of the Cold Bay Volcano→volcanic complex. It has a summit elevation of 6,601 ft. Frosty&#39;s last known eruption is 2-16≠. The oldest products of the roughly 100 cu km Cold Bay complex, which lies southwest of the village of Cold Bay, form the glacially dissected late Pliocene to early Pleistocene Morzhovoi Volcanics at the southern end of the complex.</p><br>
<h2>Frosty Peak</h2><br>
<p>North of Frosty Volcano is Frosty Peak, a symmetrical late-Pleistocene to Recent stratovolcano constructed within the southernmost of two coalescing craters. The western wall of the ice-filled northern crater is breached by a large valley glacier. The symmetrical ἤᾜΦΎᾜ summit cone rises at 600 m above the floor of the southern crater.</p><br>
<p>Miramont Castle is a museum located in Manitou Springs, Colorado. The Castle was originally built in 1895 as a private home for Father Jean Baptist Francolon, a French-born Catholic priest. Located in the Manitou Springs Historic District, it is a National Register of Historic Places listing.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Father Jean Baptiste Francolon built Miramont Castle in 1895. The house is "an eclectic estate that blends a variety of architectural styles from Byzantine to Tudor." The castle is an architectural example of the Victorian Era. In 1976 Miramont Castle was added to the National Register of Historic Places due to its significant historic heritage and architectural variety.</p><br>
<p>Sisters of Mercy operated Montcalm Sanitarium at Miramont, sharing the property with Francolon.</p><br>
<p>Popular folklore has it that the castle is haunted with various apparitions and unexplained phenomenon as reported by visitors and staff.</p><br>
<h2>Current</h2><br>
<p>The house is now a Victorian-era historic house museum that is owned and operated by the Manitou Springs Historical Society. Visitors can tour 42 furnished rooms and gardens. The site also features a tea room and gift shop.</p><br>
<p>The Red Flag Canal is an irrigation canal located 80 km northwest of Anyang in the northern extremity of Henan, China.</p><br>
<h2>Geographic location</h2><br>
<p>The canal is close to the border of Henan and Shanxi. It diverts water from the Zhang River (漳河) into a canal. The Zhang River flows from Shanxi and becomes the border between Hebei and Henan near to Handan. The dam is located near the corner of the three provinces. The canal winds around the side of a cliff, through 42 tunnels and along the side of the Taihang Mountains. The main canal is 71 kilometres long with many branches to distribute the water.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The canal was initiated during the Great Leap Forward and was built in the 1960s and the main channel was completed in 1965. It was dug entirely by hand labour. The main canal is 71 kilometers long. Including the distribution branches, the irrigation system is claimed to have a total length of 1500 kilometers.(includes photo).</p><br>
<p>It irrigates the fields of the Linzhou district.</p><br>
<p>The Red Flag Canal was considered to be a great achievement of the Chinese workers in the 1960s and was the subject of several movies. The Red Flag Canal was featured in propaganda both internal and external to China, as an exemplar of what workers could achieve and local mass initiative.</p><br>
<p>Linzhou (then called Linxian) and the Red Flag Canal were visited by the Italian film director Michelangelo Antonioni when he made his documentary film Chung Kuo, Cina about China during the Cultural Revolution in 1972.</p><br>
<p>Overackers Corners Schoolhouse is a historic school located at Middlesex in Yates County, New York. It is an Italianate style structure built about 1874. The school reopened in 1998 after renovation by the Middlesex Heritage Group.," by</p><br>
<p>Bill Treichler, The Crooked Lake Review, Fall 1998.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994.</p><br>
<p>Overackers Corners School</p><br>
<p>1874 – 1938</p><br>
<p>In 1874, the brick schoolhouse on the corner of North Vine Valley Road and State Route 364 was built. The school was heated by a large round stove, had no running water, and no electricity. Students daily carried water from a local well to the school. There was a large woodshed, and as required, there were two separate outhouses. The teacher’s desk was on a platform just inside the front door. The school was used until June 1938 when the Middlesex schools were consolidated. The last teacher was Hazel Dinehart Robeson.</p><br>
<p>After it closed, the building was sold to Leon G. Button, who used it for grain storage until 1989 when it was leased to the Middlesex Heritage Group. In 1998, after 10 years of renovations, the school was opened as a museum. The school was placed on the National and State Registry of Historic Places in 1994. In 2014, the Pomeroy Foundation donated a plaque recognizing this achievement.</p><br>
<p>Facts About the Overackers Corners School</p><br>
<p>• Built in 1874 on land purchased from Edward and Margaret Hennessy</p><br>
<p>• It was designated District #3, Town of Middlesex, for grades 1 – 8</p><br>
<p>• Named after a family that lived nearby</p><br>
<p>• Bricks from a nearby blacksmith shop were crumbled and used as a foundation for the school</p><br>
<p>• Bricks for the walls may have been made in a brick factory that was located on the next door Button Farm</p><br>
<p>• Closed after the 1937-38 school year due to the centralization of schools as Middlesex Valley Central School District</p><br>
<p>• Some of the teachers who taught there were: Lillian Boyd, Gordon Foster, Nellie Bennett, Mrs. Stanley Voorhees, Ruth Halstead, Carrie Razey, Lela Robson, Nellie Button, Bertha Noble, Alice DeWick, Patrick H. Sheehan, Frank Matteson, Harlan Smith, and Hazel Dinehart Robeson</p><br>
<p>• Sold at a public auction to Leon G. Button on November 11, 1939 for $128.50</p><br>
<p>• 1953 Anson Wagar presented a 4’ X 5’ picture of the school to hang in the Middlesex Valley School. After many years it was taken down and stored where it was damaged. In 2014, the Middlesex Heritage Group was awarded a grant to restore the painting. It is currently on display at the Town Hall in Middlesex.</p><br>
<p>• The picture of the school was in the November 1933 issue of National Geographic, page 560.</p><br>
<p>Pictures located on Wikimedia Commons under "Overackers Corners School."</p><br>
<p>Robert Ingersoll Birthplace, also known as Robert Green Ingersoll Birthplace Museum, is a historic home located at Dresden in Yates County, New York. It is a Federal-style structure that consists of a two-story, three-bay, gable-roofed central block with a two-part, -story saltbox ell on the west side. The central block and the front portion of the ell were built separately and joined together sometime before they were moved to their present location prior to 1833. The rear portion of the ell was added on-site at the current location at an unknown date.</p><br>
<p>The house was the birthplace of noted agnostic and politician Robert G. Ingersoll (1833–1899).</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988, and added to New York State&#39;s Register of Historic Places in 1987.</p><br>
<h2>History of the home</h2><br>
<p>The central block was built circa 1800 as a Congregational church parsonage. It was originally located on Charles Street in Dresden, a few hundred feet south and east of its current location. It was constructed of donated materials by volunteer labor. The front portion of the ell was built circa 1800 in Hopeton, a settlement two miles east of Dresden which failed early in the nineteenth century. Several buildings were moved downhill to Dresden, presumably by sledge during a snowy winter. The front portion of the ell and the central block were united on the current Main Street site sometime prior to 1833 and the rear portion of the ell added on-site.</p><br>
<h2>Ingersoll</h2><br>
<p>Robert Green Ingersoll was born here while his father, the Rev. John Ingersoll, was employed as pastor of Dresdens Congregational Church. During that time his family resided in the parsonage. A staunch abolitionist well before this position became popular in the North, Rev. Ingersoll tended not to hold a ministerial appointment very long, and his tenure in Dresden was no exception. The Ingersolls left Dresden when baby Robert was but four months old. Given Roberts brief residence, one might question the appropriateness of placing an Ingersoll museum at the birthplace. This Dresden house is the only one of Robert Ingersolls residences now standing. For this reason the Dresden building has been celebrated by freethinkers since shortly after his death. Upon Ingersolls death in 1899, his brother-in-law and official publisher Charles P. Farrell launched the Dresden Publishing Company, named for the village of his birth, to publish a multi-volume set of Ingersoll&#39;s collected works. When published in 1900, the first volume bore an engraving of the birthplace. The birthplace has been restored and opened as an Ingersoll museum three times. In 1921 a large committee including Thomas Edison, Luther Burbank, Edgar Lee Masters, and members of the Ingersoll family opened the birthplace as a museum, community house, and public library. The facility closed during the Depression and fell into disrepair. In 1954, a committee led by atheist activist Joseph Lewis restored the building again and operated it as an Ingersoll museum for several years.</p><br>
<h2>Current museum</h2><br>
<p>Tom Flynn designed the freethought museum at the birthplace of nineteenth century agnostic orator, and has been its director since it opened to the public in 1993.</p><br>
<p>In 1986 the birthplace, a two-story frame house in the small village of Dresden (pop. 300), was badly deteriorated. CODESH Inc., as the Council for Secular Humanism was then known, purchased the property for $7,000 and pressed successfully for its inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places. Some $250,000 was then raised from grant-makers and the public; between 1987 and 1991 the house was stabilized and rehabilitated. Though Flynn was employed at CODESH during this period he was not closely involved with the purchase and rehabilitation, which were orchestrated primarily by chairman Paul Kurtz, then-Free Inquiry editor Tim Madigan, and colleague Richard Seymour. In 1992 it was decided to establish a museum at the birthplace, and Flynn was chosen to develop the museum. Flynn tells D.J. Grothe on Point of Inquiry, "He literally was seen or heard by more Americans than would see or hear any other human being until the advent of motion pictures or radio."</p><br>
<p>The Robert Green Ingersoll Birthplace Museum opened on Memorial Day weekend in 1993. The Museum has been open to the public on weekends each summer and fall ever since. Conspicuous developments have included, in 2001, installation of a large bust of Ingersoll that had decorated a Dowagiac, Michigan, theater razed in 1968. In 2003, a historically accurate front porch was added by volunteer contractor (and Ingersoll descendant) Jeff Ingersoll. In that year the Museum also adopted its current tagline, referring to Ingersoll as "the most remarkable American most people never heard of," a reference to his near-exclusion from history by religious detractors. In 2004 a lost grand march titled Ingersolia, composed by prolific Gilded Age composer George Schleiffarth (died 1921), was rediscovered and its score displayed at the Museum. In 2005 two interpretive Web sites made their debut: a virtual tour of the Ingersoll Museum and a celebration of freethought and radical reform history within a rough 100-mile radius of the Ingersoll Museum, the Freethought Trail. In 2008 the large commemorative plaque marking the location of Ingersolls New York City residence, removed from the Gramercy Park Hotel when that property was rehabilitated as a boutique hotel, was installed in the Museum. In 2009, the current high-definition widescreen orientation video was installed, featuring the Ingersolia March unearthed in 2004. In 2009 the Museum received a large number of artifacts and papers from the estate of Eva Ingersoll Wakefield, Robert Ingerolls, last surviving granddaughter. Selected items were displayed beginning in 2010.</p><br>
<p>In 2014, the museum interior was fully renovated. Display cases were refurbished and all-new interpretive signage was developed, including professionally designed mural-sized wall graphics. A formerly private room on the seonc floor was added to the public display space. The new interior was named the T. M. Scruggs Museum Interior, honoring the largest donor to a 2013 capital campaign to fund the renovation.</p><br>
<p>The Levi B. Frost House, also known as Asa Barnes Tavern, is an historic house at 1089 Marion Avenue in the Marion village of Southington, Connecticut, that is listed on the National Register of Historic Places for its architectural and historic significance.</p><br>
<p>Asa Barnes established a tavern in this home at around 1765, when Marion Avenue was part of a north-south road connecting Bristol and New Haven. Rochambeau visited Barnes&#39; Tavern again on the return march on October 27, 1782.</p><br>
<p>The building that housed Barnes house and tavern was partially destroyed in a fire in 1836. What is uncharacteristic of the Greek Revival style is the buildings length of 50 feet, which may be the result of the original 18th-century structure. Investigators believe that the large rear room with its well-worn chestnut planks, large cooking fireplace and stone hearth, gouged dado and separate exterior door, appears older than the rest of the house and is likely to be the pre-1836 taproom of the former tavern. The front of the building generally appears to be newer, as it bears the most characteristic details of the Greek Revival style, including wide pine floors, a front stairway rising to the left, a large front room on the right and detailing of stairway treads, risers, railing and handrail that appear to be original of the mid-century design.</p><br>
<p>The house is now a private residence. In 1987 the house was individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places for its architectural and historical significance. It is also part of the Marion Historic District.</p><br>
<p>The Großer Knollen  is a 687.4 m mountain in the southwestern part of the Harz in Lower Saxony, Germany.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The Großer Knollen is located northeast of Herzberg am Harz and Scharzfeld, northwest of Bad Lauterberg im Harz and south of the hamlet of Sieber. It is surrounded by several other mountains and hills that range in height between 550 and 650 m above mean sea level. Just under 1 km away to the southwest the Kleiner Knollen rises to a height of 631 m.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The Großer Knollen is a porphyritic volcano. When climbing the mountain walkers can see to the side of the path in places the reddish colouring in the rock that is due to the volcanic rock, porphyry. About 800 metres east of the Großer Knollen is the Knollengrube ("Knollen Pit"), in which iron ore was mined in 1925.</p><br>
<h2>Observation tower</h2><br>
<p>From the roughly 20 m high observation tower, which stands next to the inn on the summit of the Großer Knollen, there is a view not only over the mountain peaks of the Harz, but also southwards to the Rotenberg and Eichsfeld. In good conditions visitors can even see as far as the Thuringian Forest to the south.</p><br>
<h2>Walking</h2><br>
<p>Numerous walking trails radiate from the summit, including paths to Bad Lauterberg, Herzberg, Scharzfeld, Sieber and Sankt Andreasberg. The roughly 12 km long path to Sankt Andreasberg runs over a crest over 600 m high with many wonderful views.</p><br>
<p>The Großer Knollen is checkpoint no. 150 in the Harzer Wandernadel walking trail network.</p><br>
<h2>Forest</h2><br>
<p>Today the lower flanks of the Großer Knollen are mainly covered by beech, but some spruce also grows in higher areas. In 1596 it was entirely covered in beech woods, in 1630 there were also some sycamores.</p><br>
<p>See also: List of mountains and hills of Lower Saxony</p><br>
<h2>Sources</h2><br>
<p>Topographic map 1:25,000 series, No. 4328 Bad Lauterberg im Harz</p><br>
<p>Topographic map 1:25,000 series, No. 4228 Riefensbeek (to determine the isolation and prominence)</p><br>
<p>Lake View Cemetery is a historic cemetery located at Penn Yan in Yates County, New York. It is a 50 acre cemetery property that includes wooded and open acres included in the cemetery&#39;s historic landscape plan and developed in two phases between about 1855 and 1906. The property includes the Abraham Wagener Memorial Chapel, a two story brick Gothic Revival structure built in 1923-1924. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.</p><br>
<h2>Burials</h2><br>
<p>Morris Brown, Jr. (1842-1864)</p><br>
<p>Samuel Stewart Ellsworth (1790-1863). New York&#39;s 26th District in the United States House of Representatives from 1845 to 1847.</p><br>
<p>Brigadier General Ralph Wilson Hoyt (1849-1920).</p><br>
<p>Edward Johnston (1844-1920).</p><br>
<p>Joshua Lee. New York&#39;s 27th District in the United States House of Representatives from 1835 to 1837.</p><br>
<p>Daniel Morris (1812-1889).</p><br>
<p>Andrew Oliver (1815-1889).</p><br>
<p>Brevet Major General John Morrison Oliver (1828-1872).</p><br>
<p>William Morrison Oliver (1792-1863). New York&#39;s 27th District in the United States House of Representatives from 1841 to 1843</p><br>
<p>Elijah Spencer (1775-1852).</p><br>
<p>The Carlshaushöhe  is a mountain, in the Harz in the German state of Saxony-Anhalt.</p><br>
<h2>Geographical location</h2><br>
<p>It is located southwest of Hasselfelde between Trautenstein to the north, Benneckenstein to the west and Sophienhof in the borough of Ilfeld in Thuringia to the south.</p><br>
<h2>Carlshaus Tower</h2><br>
<p>On the summit of the Carlshaushöhe, which rises to the west of the B 81 federal highway, stands the 50 m high Carlshaus Tower (Carlshausturm), or Karlshaus Tower, which was built a few hundred metres west of the Carlshaus on the eastern slope of the mountain. It has an open steel design and its opening was celebrated on 27 July 1998.</p><br>
<p>The Carlshaus Tower acts as a radio tower for the Harz Narrow Gauge Railways (HSB), two branches of which pass by the tower a few kilometres to the south and east respectively, as well as an observation tower. It replaced the Bismarck Tower built in 1901 and demolished by the Soviet Armed Forces in 1981., The Bismarck Tower was also of open steel construction, was about 20 m high and crowned by a circular observation deck.</p><br>
<p>From its observation platform, that sits above the tops of the trees at a height of about 30 metres and is accessible via a staircase with 155 steps, there is an all-round view, for example, over the highlands of the Harz. The highest peak in the Harz, the Brocken, is visible from here as well as the Kyffhäuser.</p><br>
<p>The Carlshaus Tower has been included in a project by the Harz Transport Federation and the Harz Club. It is also no. 51 in the system of check points in the Harzer Wandernadel network of walking trails.</p><br>
<h2>Transport links</h2><br>
<p>The Carlshaushöhe and the Carlshaus Tower are located between the B 242 (north), B 81 (east) and B 4 (south) federal highways, so that it can be reached by walking trails leading from the car parks on these roads or their side-roads.</p><br>
<p>Penn Yan Historic District is a national historic district located at Penn Yan in Yates County, New York. The district consists of 65 acre and contains 281 structures, 210 of which are contributing. It includes a broad range of architecturally significant resources that document the village&#39;s development from the 1820s to 1929. It includes representative examples of residential, commercial, indstrial, civic and ecclesiastical structures. Highlights include the Birkett Mills, the Chronicle Building, Knapp Hotel, and the Castner House. Located within the boundaries of the district is the separately listed USA Post Office building constructed in 1912-1913.</p><br>
<p>Note: This includes</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<p>Afrasiyab  is an ancient site of northern Samarkand, Uzbekistan, that was occupied from c 500 BC to 1220 AD. Today, it is a hilly grass mound located near the Bibi Khanaum Mosque. Afrasiab Museum of Samarkand is located next to the archaeological site.</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>Afrasiyab is the oldest part and the ruined site of the ancient and medieval city of Samarkand. It was located on high ground for defensive reasons, south of a river valley and north of a large fertile area which has now became part of the city of Samarkand.</p><br>
<p>The habitation of the territories of Afrasiyab began in the 7th-6th century BC, as the centre of the Sogdian culture.</p><br>
<p>The term Qal’a-ye Afrasiab (Castle of Afrasiab) appeared in written sources only towards the end of the 17th century. The name is popularly connected with the mythical King Afrasiab. Scholars consider Afrasiab to be a distortion and a corrupted form of the Tajik word Parsīāb (from Sogdian Paršvāb), meaning "beyond the black river", the river being Sīāhāb or Sīāb, which bounds the site to the north. Afrā is the poetic form of the Persian word Farā (itself a poetic word), which means beyond, further, while Sīāb comes from sīāh meaning black and Āb meaning water; river; sea (depending on the context).</p><br>
<p>The area of Afrasiyab covers about 220 hectares, and the thickness of the archaeological strata reaches 8–12 metres. First archaeological excavations were carried out in Afrasiyab in the late 19th century, by Nikolay Veselovsky. In the 1920s, it was extensively excavated by the archaeologist Mikhail Evgenievich Masson who placed artifacts found at the site in the Samarkand museum. His archaeological study revealed that a Samanid palace had once been located at Afrasiyab. It was again actively excavated during the 1960-70s.</p><br>
<p>See also Afrasiab painting for wall paintings discovered in the archeological site.</p><br>
<p>Mount Richthofen is the highest summit of the Never Summer Mountains range of the Rocky Mountains of North America. The prominent 12,945 ft peak is located 9.0 km northwest by west  of Milner Pass, Colorado, United States, on the Continental Divide separating the Rocky Mountain National Park Wilderness in Rocky Mountain National Park and Grand County from Routt National Forest and Jackson County. The mountain was named in honor of pioneering German geologist Baron Ferdinand von Richthofen, apparently by Clarence King&#39;s 1870 survey team.</p><br>
<h2>Mountain</h2><br>
<p>The mountain is a steep Class 3 climb. Needles and Grenadiers explorerer William S. Cooper climbed Mount Richthofen by himself in 1908 in what is presumed to be the first ascent. No sign of previous climbers were present at that time.</p><br>
<p>The Warenski-Duvall Commercial Building and Apartments, built in 1915, is a two-story brick, two part commercial block that is listed in National Register of Historic Places. The building is significant for its role in the early urbanization of Murray, Utah. The Warenski-Duvall building represents a building-type common during the early-twentieth century development of Murrays commercial business district and it is also part of the Murray Downtown Historic District. The buildings owner was Edward J. Warenski, an early resident of Murray who owned a saloon and grocery store on State Street. Warenski and his family lived just north of the store. In 1923, the Duvall family purchased the building and divided the upper floor into apartments where family members and other workers in downtown Murray lived.</p><br>
<p>The Warenski-Duvall Commercial Building and Apartments is a transitional building in the context of Murray City&#39;s development. This building represents the changes brought to the economic and social structure of the community in the first quarter of the twentieth century. Between 1902 and the 1930s, commercial buildings lined State Street from 4700 South to 5000 South. Most of these businesses were owned by second-generation Mormons who had left their farms for more lucrative employment, but a few were owned by immigrant families originally brought to Murray by the smelter industry.</p><br>
<p>Edward Charles and Susannah Aldian Warenski were immigrants from Poland and England, respectively, who settled in Salt Lake City in the 1860s. By the start of the 20th century, Edward, Susannah and their children had moved to Murray. The Warenski family owned most of the block between 4800 South and Vine Street, west of State Street. The older store that existed on this site was demolished and the two-story brick Warenski building was constructed in 1915. Among the first retail tenants of the building after the Warenski grocery store were Frank Metcalfs Automotive Repair & Accessories Company at 4865 South State, Granite Furniture Company at 4867 South State, and Carlisle Motor Company at 4877 South State.</p><br>
<p>On June 6, 1923, the Warenskis sold the commercial building to John W. Johnson in 1923. John Johnson and his brother-in-law, Tony Duvall, remodeled the upper floor into apartments. Tony Duvall also built and managed the Gem Theatre (see Iris Theater) just to the north of the Warenski building. At their new location, the Johnsons and Duvalls followed the practice of living in apartments above the theater. By 1925, Tony and his wife, Marguerite Morris Duvall, were managing the Gem Theatre and living in what were called the Duvall Apartments in the former Warenski building. Minnie Torrance Duvall, who helped finance her family&#39;s involvement in the theaters, also moved to the Duvall Apartments in Murray.</p><br>
<p>In 1926, Tony Duvall was given "control of attorney" to take over the Duvall Building, as the building was by then known. The anchor tenant was the Thomas Martin & Company general merchandise store that occupied the largest retail space. The Murray Post Office took over the space on February 1, 1926. The tenancy of all three retail spaces remained constant for the next two decades with the J.P. OBrien Jewelry Store at 4869, the Leader Clothing Store at 4873, and the post office at 4879 South State. The Duvall Apartments were occupied throughout this period by members of the Duvall family and others, most of whom worked in Murrays central business district.</p><br>
<p>Kowyn Pass is situated in Mpumalanga province, on the R535 road between Graskop and Bosbokrand, South Africa. The pass was completed on 3 October 1959. It descends from an altitude of 1,448 metres above sea level near Graskop, to 500 metres at Bosbokrand, which implies an average slope of 1:14.</p><br>
<h2>Rock fall shelter</h2><br>
<p>A major rock fall occurred in 1973 at a point where the pass skirts a very steep hill. When rock falls continued despite the area being anchored, the Transvaal Provincial Roads Authority decided in 1977 to construct a reinforced concrete rockfall shelter as a permanent and fail-safe protective measure. The construction of the shelter, some 170 metres long, was completed in August 1980.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The pass is believed to have been built along an ancient pedestrian route which connected the lowveld to higher areas towards the west. It is named for the 19th century Bakwena chief Kobêng Moxane, who the voortrekkers referred to as Kowyn. He settled his faction of the Pulana tribe on the Graskop escarpment, after the Swazis scattered them from a former settlement near Pretoriuskop. and subsequently migrated northwards to escape raids by the Swazis.</p><br>
<p>Long Tom Pass is situated in the Mpumalanga province, on the Regional Road R37 between Lydenburg and Sabie . It is named after the famous Long Tom cannon.</p><br>
<h2>Route</h2><br>
<p>The route up Long Tom Pass starts at 1456m and climbs 682 vertical metres to an altitude of 2138m at its end. The summit of the pass lies at an altitude of 2150m. The pass is part of the Mpumalanga Panorama Route and carries appropriately heavy traffic both tourist and commercial. The pass is prone to heavy mist and can be dangerous in low visibility conditions.</p><br>
<h2>Long Tom Monument</h2><br>
<p>A monument commemorating the last use of the Boer 155 mm Creusot Long Tom guns during the Second Boer War is located in the pass, about 21 km from Sabie.</p><br>
<p>Schoemans Kloof Pass, or simply Schoemanskloof, is situated in Mpumalanga province, on the R539 road between Machadodorp and Nelspruit . This scenic region is the access route that connects Gauteng to the warm Lowveld and Kruger National Park. The N4 highway is the pulse of this area as it runs along the Crocodile River. The agriculture in the area is dominated by citrus farming.</p><br>
<p>Eco Tourism and hospitality in the Schoemanskloof is popular with travellers en route to the Kruger National Park with the first Mountain Links Golf Course set on the picturesque mountain range.</p><br>
<p>Schoemanskloof is rich in history named after the Schoeman Brothers who resided in the valley on the Groot Trek. Schoemanskloof main annual attraction is the Schoemanskloof Citrus festival held at the Wolwekrans Lodge. This annual festival attracts around 30,000 people every year.</p><br>
<p>Outdoor activities include mountain biking, quad biking, hiking, horse riding, and freshwater fishing.</p><br>
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<p>Charles Bullis House is a historic home located at Macedon in Wayne County, New York. The Federal style, cobblestone house consists of a 2-story main block with a -story frame wing. It was built about 1839 and is constructed of irregular, rough, moderate sized cobbles. The house is among the approximately 170 surviving cobblestone buildings in Wayne County.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<p>Historical Significance</p><br>
<p>The Charles Bullis House (1839–42) is a well-preserved, architecturally significant representative example of nineteenth century cobblestone residential architecture. Cobblestone construction in the pre-Civil War period is almost exclusively found in the Western and Central New York region. One of the 170 surviving cobblestone buildings in Wayne County, its design incorporates both Federal and Greek Revival style features, as was common in vernacular buildings of the 1830s. The location of the house reflects the typical pattern of nineteenth century settlement of Wayne County. The farm site is situated adjacent to the Barge Canal (originally, the Erie Canal) on a major historic north-south road linking the village of Macedon and Macedon Center with the Lake Ontario shore, and one-half mile from the principal and historic east-west travel route (Rt. 31) traversing the southern portion of Wayne County. The house remained virtually intact and under the ownership of the Bullis Family until 1984.</p><br>
<p>Charles H. Bullis, his wife Ellen, and children, Abraham, Emma, and Keley, left Manchester Vermont in November 1838 to journey west to settle in Ohio. They traveled across New York State by canal boat on the Erie Canal and stopped at Macedon to visit Charles&#39;s sister. They decided to settle there, and, on April 1, 1839, Charles purchased a 59-acre farm adjacent to the Erie Canal from Charles and Lydia Smith for $2,631.64.</p><br>
<p>Little is known about Charles Bullis. Like many farmers from New England, Bullis presumably left the rocky soils of Vermont to seek richer farm lands. In Macedon, Wayne County, he found a milder climate, fertile soils enriched by the nearby Mud Creek, which were favorable for growing wheat and corn and raising livestock, as well as the convenience of conveying produce to markets by canal. In addition, the property was only one-half mile from the main east-west road which ran between Pittsford and Palmyra, and situated on a major north-south road to the Lake Ontario shore.</p><br>
<p>When the Bullis family first settled on the farm, it is believed that they lived in a small, one-story frame building that had been moved from a former Erie Canal work camp settlement located on the property near the canal to the site of the present frame ell on the west side of the main portion of the house. During the 1983 restoration, the east wall of the existing frame ell was removed, ~exposing the west wall of the cobblestone house. The outline of a one-story frame building was evident as large stones and rough mortar filled the space within the outline, indicating an inside wall; above the outline showed the finished cobblestone which was originally the outside wall of the main house.</p><br>
<p>Construction of the main cobblestone house began in 1839 and was completed in 1842. It is believed that the family gathered small fieldstones on the farm for the construction. The solidification of the mortar was a much slower process than the hard, fast-drying Portland cement of today. Work on the enlargement of the Erie Canal was also in progress, and the mason working on the Bullis House may have also been a canal worker.</p><br>
<p>The existing one-and-half story ell replaced the original frame structure about 1845, based upon material evidence excavated by archeologists from the Rochester Museum and Science Center in 1979. Stone foundations of another structure attached to the ell were revealed and dated about 1855.</p><br>
<p>In 1863 Charles Bullis deeded the property to his son, Dr. Abraham Bullis, who lived and practiced medicine in the neighboring town of Farmington. Charles&#39;s wife Ellen and his daughter Emma retained life use of the house, unt1l 1879 and 1905 respectively. In 1866 upon the death of both Charles and Abraham, the property was passed on to Abraham’s son Abraham R. Bullis (1854-1928), who was a civil engineer. His children, Charles and Nettie, retained ownership of the property until their deaths in 1974 and 1979 respectively.</p><br>
<p>Six of the 59 acres (approximately ten acres were taken for the canal and railroad rights of way) were bequeathed to the Landmark Society, while the remaining acreage was left to the town of Macedon (now Bullis Park). In 1984, the property was sold as a single family home.</p><br>
<p>The Charles Bullis House is significant as a distinctive example of early nineteenth century cobblestone architecture. This construction technique is primarily found in Central and Western New York and appears to be the result of both geologic and historic factors. Cobble-sized stones, deposited by the Ice Age glacier about 40,000 years ago, are abundant along the southern Ontario Lake plain. According to a study by Robert Roudabush, approximately 60% of more than 660 cobblestone buildings in New York State are located in an area between the Genesee River and Syracuse, which has an abundance of drumlins and other major stone deposits.</p><br>
<p>Another geologic factor important to the cobblestone architecture phenomenon is the presence of limestone outcroppings found in this region. The lime processed from the rock was used in making hydraulic cement for the construction of the Erie Canal and was a primary ingredient for making mortar used in cobblestone construction.</p><br>
<p>The men who built cobblestone structures are believed to have been skilled masons who worked on the Erie Canal, from its initial construction (1817-1825) through its periods of enlargement (1832-1862). In fact, the period of cobblestone architecture coincides with the period of Erie Canal construction and reconstruction: the earliest structures built about 1825 and the last erected about 1860.</p><br>
<p>The Charles Bullis House exemplifies the early period of cobblestone architecture (approximately 1825-1845), characterized by rows of rough, rounded field stones of irregular shape and moderate size, and separated by horizontal mortar joints in the shape of a projecting V-shape. While most cobblestone structures had quoins and lintels of limestone or sandstone, the Charles Bullis House is one of only eight cobblestone buildings in Wayne County with brick quoins and lintels.</p><br>
<p>While cobblestone buildings were constructed for a variety of uses including churches, schools, stores, barns, smokehouses, and others, most cobblestone buildings were farmhouses, erected after farmers had cleared their lands of forests (and fieldstones) for cash crops. The farmers became prosperous from the markets made available by the canal and many took advantage of the abundance of cobblestones and skilled masons to build these distinctive homes.</p><br>
<p>Although built in 1839, during the period when the Greek Revival style was predominant, the Charles Bullis House, like many cobblestone farmhouses erected before 1840, retains the plan and massing of the Federal style and is refined with both Federal and Greek Revival style details. The house&#39;s characteristic Federal elements include the rectangular plan, low pitched roof, symmetrically spaced windows, semi-elliptical louvered fans in the gables, inside rectangular chimneys located at the gable ends, quoins, and window lintels with splayed ends. Although the cornice is narrow, following the Federal style, the moldings are Greek Revival in scale. The doorway is well-proportioned, with sidelights and narrow pilasters, but contains a simply glazed architrave instead of a more elegant Federal style fanlight. Inside the architrave trim moldings throughout most of the house and the two simple fireplace mantels reflect the Greek Revival influence. The simple, but elegant, stair banister and the molded trim and block corner moldings found in the southeast room on the first floor are also typical Federal details.</p><br>
<p>Roe Cobblestone Schoolhouse is a historic one room school located at Butler in Wayne County, New York. The cobblestone building is a one story, 28 feet long by 22 feet deep, three bay wide structure. It was built about 1820 and is constructed of irregularly shaped, multi-colored, field cobbles. It ceased to function as a school in 1932, used as a single family residence, and is now operated as a schoolhouse museum by the Butler Historical Society, which also operates the Butler Church Museum. Both museums are open on the first Saturday of the month from May through October.</p><br>
<p>The structure is among the approximately 170 surviving cobblestone buildings in Wayne County. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2008.</p><br>
<p>Methodist Episcopal Church of Butler is a historic former Methodist Episcopal church located at Butler Center in Wayne County, New York. It is a rectangular, gable roofed frame building designed in a vernacular Greek Revival style and built about 1836. It rests on a cobblestone foundation and is surmounted by an open belfry. Also on the property is a cemetery , established in 1864.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.</p><br>
<h2>Butler Church Museum</h2><br>
<p>The building is now operated as the Butler Church Museum by the Butler Historical Society. It is open on the first Saturday of the month from May through October.</p><br>
<p>The Society also operates the Roe Cobblestone Schoolhouse as a museum.</p><br>
<p>Grace Episcopal Church Complex is a historic Episcopal church complex located at Lyons in Wayne County, New York. The complex consists of a contributing stone church building begun in 1838, a contributing frame rectory begun about 1833, and a contributing parish house built in 1887-1888. The church building is Gothic Revival in style and constructed of rubble limestone walls with cut limestone trim. The rectory is an irregularly massed two story, wood frame building incorporating a former private residence built at this site about 1833 in the vernacular late Federal / early Greek Revival style. The parish house is a single story, frame building designed in the Queen Anne style.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994.</p><br>
<p>The old Oconee County Jail was a former jail located on Short Street in Walhalla, South Carolina, in Oconee County. The jail was located on the grounds of the current Oconee County Courthouse. It was named to the National Register of Historic Places on November 14, 1982 along with the Oconee County Cage. At the time of its listing, the jail was one of the few remaining nineteenth or twentieth century jails in upper northwestern South Carolina. It was demolished around 1985. Subsequently, it was delisted on December 12, 1989.</p><br>
<h2>Early 20th-century county penal system</h2><br>
<p>In the early twentieth century, county jails were primarily for holding individuals who were awaiting trial that could not afford bail. In 1916, about 94% were in county chain gangs and about 6% were at the state penitentiary. In this period of racial segregation, white prisoners were separated from African-American prisoners.</p><br>
<p>Instead of being housed in the county jail, chain gangs were housed in cages, cars, or tents near the work site. The cages and cars could be used to also transport the convicts.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Oconee County was formed in 1868 and Walhalla was made its county seat. In the next year, a contract was given to build a wooden jail. In 1901, the South Carolina General Assembly loaned Oconee County USD $12,000 to construct a new jail and for repairs and remodeling of the county courthouse.</p><br>
<p>A new location for the jail was chosen behind Main Street between Church and Tugaloo Streets. It was completed by at least 1906. It was used by the county sheriff and as a jail until 1978.</p><br>
<p>A report from a 1915 visit by the Board of Charities and Correction indicated that the average number of prisoners was 3.7. The white male prisoners were kept in a large room. African-American prisoners were kept in four cells. There was one room for female prisoners, but it was rarely occupied. Oconee County was one of the few in South Carolina that served three meals each day. The prisoners did practically no labor.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The jail was a two-story, stuccoed brick building with an asymmetrical plan. The building has been described as neomedieval or Gothic Revival style. The jail was very similar to one built in Anderson County that was designed by Frank P. Milburn.</p><br>
<p>The front section contains the sheriff&#39;s office and residence. It has a hip roof and three ells. The facade, which faces southwest, has a gabled ell on the left with a stepped parapet. This forward ell had a pair of one over one light windows at each level, and there was a multi-light attic window below the parapet. There was a one-story porch that extended across the front and around the left ell. This had a metal roof supported by grouped wooden columns.</p><br>
<p>There was a wing toward the right terminating in a polygonal bay with a crenellated parapet. There was a tall, stuccoed brick chimney at the junction of the main block and the bay. The bay had a one over one light window on each facet. On the right elevation, there was a one-story porch with an auxiliary entrance. Above this porch, there were three one over one lights.</p><br>
<p>On the left elevation, there were three bays with a tall, stuccoed brick chimney between the second and third bay. There was a one-story porch along the left elevation that abutted another projecting, gabled ell. The end of this ell had two one over one lights on each story and a multi-light window below a stepped parapet.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the building had an L-shaped hallway that led to the right and left elevations. There were four main rooms that had wooden floors, plaster walls and ceilings, and wooden window and door surrounds ornamented with routings.</p><br>
<p>The detention wing, added in 1939-1939 to replace the original detention wing, was a poured concrete building with a stucco finish. This had a flat roof with unadorned parapet. Metal-barred windows lit the corridors.</p><br>
<p>There was a steel door that connected the main building with the detention wing. The first floor of the detention facility has single and double cells on either side of a hallway. The second level had a large caged, bunk room with a shower and dining area.</p><br>
<p>Pictures of the jail are available.</p><br>
<p>Stansbury Island is the second largest island within the Great Salt Lake in the USA state of Utah. Located in Tooele County, it is considered an island even though a dirt causeway connects it to the mainland. Stansbury Island was named after Howard Stansbury, the leader of a government expedition that surveyed the lake in 1849.</p><br>
<p>A biking trail is located on the island. Petroglyphs and two caves large enough to explore are also located on the island. Its peak is Castle Rock, at 6647 feet above sea level. Camping is permitted in most areas.</p><br>
<h2>Geography and geology</h2><br>
<p>Stansbury Island is longitudinally aligned and is approximately 11.5 mi long, 4.5 mi wide, and 22,314 acre in area. The island is a desert mountain/mountain range, with a few fresh water seeps along the eastern side. The western side lacks water. The island is uninhabited and is used as a winter feeding ground for sheep. Average annual precipitation is approximately six inches.</p><br>
<p>The rocks on the island are mostly early Paleozoic in age. Precambrian strata are present at the north tip and along a portion of the northeast shore. The quartzite ledge on the southern part of the island is Devonian in age. The remaining northern third of the island dates back to the Cambrian Period, consisting of a small outcrop of Tintic Quartzite, but mainly middle Cambrian limestone, shale, and dolomite. The rest of the island is composed of Upper Cambrian to Upper Mississippian strata, mostly limestone, dolomite, quartzite, and shale.</p><br>
<p>The southern half of the island was folded into a southward anticline. The northern half of the island is composed of a series of northwesterly trending fault blocks in which the strata dip to the west. The faults in the north section are transverse and may have some strike–slip component.</p><br>
<p>The Pastoruri glacier is a cirque glacier, located in the southern part of the Cordillera Blanca, part of the Andes mountain range, in Northern Peru in the Ancash region. It is one of the few glaciers left in the tropical areas of South America.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The glacier is around 8 km&sup2; in size, and around 4 km long with a terrestrial snout ending.</p><br>
<p>The glacier occupies an Andean peak around 5,250 metres (17,200 feet) above sea level, and so has steep, cliff like edges, with heavily crevassed areas characteristic of a cirque glacier.</p><br>
<p>The area and the glacier is usually covered in soft snow and is a popular area with tourists, snowboarders and ice climbers.</p><br>
<h2>Maintenance</h2><br>
<p>Engineer Benjamin Morales Arnao, local glaciologist, has tested a method to reverse the thaw; cover the ice with a layer of sawdust 15 cm thick. The experiment was carried out on Mount Chaupijanca and Pastoruri. The first glacier managed to keep four meters of ice and the second kept five meters. "This material acts as an insulator. It contains cellulose and thus we managed to decrease the melting glacier. Although this method has worked well, well be testing other alternatives", said Morales. "Those experiments curb glacial retreat on a small scale, but cannot bring ice blocks like Pastoruri back from the brink," said Selwyn Valverde with the Huascaran National Park, home to Pastoruri and more than 700 other shrinking Peruvian glaciers. "Its irreversible at this point," he said, adding that Pastoruri is no longer technically a glacier because it does not build up ice in the winter to release in the summer. "Its just loss, loss, loss now. It doesnt accumulate anymore."</p><br>
<p>Lake Burullus  is a brackish water lake in the Nile Delta in Egypt. It is located in Kafr el-Sheikh Governorate east of Rosetta, bordered by the Mediterranean Sea in the north and agricultural land to the south.</p><br>
<h2>Hydrology</h2><br>
<p>It is considered to be a lake and wetlands site of International importance for birds under the Ramsar Convention. Agriculture drainage water accounts for 97% of the total inflow to the lake (3.9 billion m3 per year), followed by rain water (2%) and groundwater (1%). 16% of the lake&#39;s water evaporates and 84% flows to the sea.</p><br>
<h2>Wildlife</h2><br>
<p>According to a Biodiversity Report of the Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency 33 species of fish, 23 species of reptiles, 112 species of birds, and 18 species of mammals live in and around the lake. Fish species declined from 52 recorded at the beginning of the 20th century, mostly due to the inflow of agricultural drainage into the lake resulting in lower salinity.</p><br>
